Molecular indexing of internal sequences

ABSTRACT

The present disclosure relates to compositions, methods and kits for labeling an internal sequence of a target nucleic acid molecule with molecular barcodes. In some embodiments, the methods comprise intramolecular circulation of a labeled target nucleic acid molecule. Further provided methods for generating sequencing libraries comprising overlapping fragments covering the full length of a target nucleic acid molecule, sequencing the libraries using the methods disclosed herein, and methods of analyzing sequencing results therefrom.

RELATED APPLICATIONS

The present application is a continuation of U.S. patent applicationSer. No. 15/596,364, filed on May 16, 2017, which claims priority under35 U.S.C. § 119(e) to U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/343,574, filedon May 31, 2016, which is herein expressly incorporated by reference inits entirety.

REFERENCE TO SEQUENCE LISTING

The present application is being filed along with a Sequence Listing inelectronic format. The Sequence Listing is provided as a file entitledSEQUENCE_LISTING_68EB_298693_US2, created Mar. 31, 2020, which is 4 Kbin size, updated by a Replacement Electronic Sequence Listing fileentitled AMENDED_SEQUENCE_LISTING_68EB_298693_US2, created Jun. 9, 2020,which is 4 Kb in size, and further updated by a Replacement ElectronicSequence Listing file entitledSECOND_AMENDED_SEQUENCE_LISTING_68EB_298693_US2, created Jul. 13, 2020,which is 4 Kb in size. The information in the electronic format of theSequence Listings is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

BACKGROUND

Current methods of molecular barcoding and sequence analysis aretypically limited to the 3′end of the target transcript, becausemolecular barcodes were attached to the 3′ end, and Illumina sequencinglength is short. Molecular barcoding of sequences upstream of transcript3′end can be performed using gene-specific reverse transcription (RT)primers, the scalability is limited because RT primer with large amountsof molecular barcodes are designed against each gene, making itexpensive to manufacture barcoded primers in a large gene pool. Methodsfor long read sequencing are limited by high sequencing error rates, lowread throughput, and absence of molecular barcoding, which are aspectsthat prevent accurate sequence analysis, quantification, and lack ofscalability.

SUMMARY

Some embodiments disclosed herein provide methods of labeling a targetnucleic acid in a sample with a molecular barcode, comprising:hybridizing an oligonucleotide comprising a molecular barcode with afirst nucleic acid molecule comprising the target nucleic acid;extending the oligonucleotide to generate a second nucleic acid moleculecomprising the molecular barcode and the target nucleic acid;circularizing the second nucleic acid molecule or complement thereof togenerate a circularized nucleic acid molecule comprising the molecularbarcode in close proximity to the target nucleic acid; and amplifyingthe circularized nucleic acid molecule to generate a plurality ofamplicons comprising the molecular barcode in close proximity to thetarget nucleic acid. In some embodiments, the methods further comprisesynthesizing a complementary strand of the second nucleic acid moleculeto generate a double-stranded nucleic acid molecule. In someembodiments, the circularizing comprises circularizing thedouble-stranded nucleic acid molecule. In some embodiments, the methodsfurther comprise amplifying the second nucleic acid molecule orcomplement thereof to generate a copy of the second nucleic acidmolecule or complement thereof. In some embodiments, the circularizingcomprises circularizing a copy of the second nucleic acid molecule orcomplement thereof. In some embodiments, the methods further comprisesequencing the plurality of amplicons. In some embodiments, the firstnucleic acid is an mRNA. In some embodiments, the oligonucleotidespecifically binds to a binding site on the first nucleic acid molecule.In some embodiments, the binding site is a gene-specific sequence. Insome embodiments, the binding site is a poly-A sequence. In someembodiments, the target nucleic acid comprises about 20 nt. In someembodiments, the target nucleic acid comprises about 30 nt. In someembodiments, the target nucleic acid comprises about 40 nt. In someembodiments, the binding site is at least 200 nt away from the targetnucleic acid on the first nucleic acid molecule. In some embodiments,the binding site is at least 500 nt away from the target nucleic acid onthe first nucleic acid molecule. In some embodiments, the binding siteis at least 1,000 nt away from the target nucleic acid on the firstnucleic acid molecule. In some embodiments, the binding site is at least2,000 nt away from the target nucleic acid on the first nucleic acidmolecule. In some embodiments, the molecular barcode comprises a samplelabel, a cellular label, a molecular label, or a combination thereof. Insome embodiments, the molecular barcode comprises a binding site for aprimer. In some embodiments, the primer is a universal primer. In someembodiments, the amplifying the circularized nucleic acid moleculecomprises PCR amplification using a target-specific primer thatspecifically binds to the target nucleic acid or complement thereof. Insome embodiments, the methods further comprise ligating an adaptor tothe second nucleic acid molecule or complement thereof before thecircularizing step. In some embodiments, the adaptor comprises a bindingsite for a second universal primer. In some embodiments, the amplifyingthe second nucleic acid molecule or complement thereof comprises PCRamplification using a second universal primer. In some embodiments, thetarget nucleic acid is a complementarity determining region (CDR) codingregion of a T cell receptor gene. In some embodiments, the targetnucleic acid is a complementarity determining region (CDR) coding regionof an immunoglobulin gene. In some embodiments, the sample comprises asingle cell. In some embodiments, the sample comprises a plurality ofcells. In some embodiments, the oligonucleotide is immobilized on asolid support. In some embodiments, the solid support is a bead.

Some embodiments disclosed herein provide methods of labeling a targetnucleic acid in a sample with a molecular barcode, comprising:hybridizing an oligonucleotide comprising a molecular barcode with afirst nucleic acid molecule comprising the target nucleic acid;extending the oligonucleotide to generate a second nucleic acid moleculecomprising the molecular barcode and the target nucleic acid; amplifyingthe second nucleic acid molecule or complement thereof to generate afirst plurality of amplicons comprising the molecular barcode and thetarget nucleic acid; circularizing the first plurality of amplicons togenerate a circularized nucleic acid molecule comprising the molecularbarcode in close proximity to the target nucleic acid; and amplifyingthe circularized nucleic acid molecule to generate a second plurality ofamplicons comprising the molecular barcode in close proximity to thetarget nucleic acid. In some embodiments, the methods further comprisesequencing the second plurality of amplicons. In some embodiments, thefirst nucleic acid is an mRNA. In some embodiments, the oligonucleotidespecifically binds to a binding site on the first nucleic acid molecule.In some embodiments, the binding site is a gene-specific sequence. Insome embodiments, the binding site is a poly-A sequence. In someembodiments, target nucleic acid comprises about 20 nt. In someembodiments, the target nucleic acid comprises about 30 nt. In someembodiments, the target nucleic acid comprises about 40 nt. In someembodiments, the binding site is at least 200 nt away from the targetnucleic acid on the first nucleic acid molecule. In some embodiments,the binding site is at least 500 nt away from the target nucleic acid onthe first nucleic acid molecule. In some embodiments, the binding siteis at least 1,000 nt away from the target nucleic acid on the firstnucleic acid molecule. In some embodiments, the binding site is at least2,000 nt away from the target nucleic acid on the first nucleic acidmolecule. In some embodiments, the molecular barcode comprises a samplelabel, a cellular label, a molecular label, or a combination thereof. Insome embodiments, the molecular barcode comprises a binding site for aprimer. In some embodiments, the primer is a universal primer. In someembodiments, the amplifying the circularized nucleic acid moleculecomprises PCR amplification using a target-specific primer thatspecifically binds to the target nucleic acid or complement thereof. Insome embodiments, the methods further comprise ligating an adaptor tothe second nucleic acid molecule or complement thereof before theamplifying the second nucleic acid molecule or complement thereof step.In some embodiments, the adaptor comprises a binding site for a seconduniversal primer. In some embodiments, the amplifying the second nucleicacid molecule or complement thereof comprises PCR amplification using asecond universal primer. In some embodiments, the target nucleic acid isa complementarity determining region (CDR) coding region of a T cellreceptor gene. In some embodiments, the target nucleic acid is acomplementarity determining region (CDR) coding region of animmunoglobulin gene. In some embodiments, the sample comprises a singlecell. In some embodiments, the sample comprises a plurality of cells. Insome embodiments, the oligonucleotide is immobilized on a solid support.In some embodiments, the solid support is a bead.

Some embodiments disclosed herein provide methods of generating asequencing library for a target nucleic acid molecule from a sample,comprising: hybridizing the target nucleic acid molecule with anoligonucleotide comprising a molecular barcode; extending theoligonucleotide to generate a second nucleic acid molecule comprisingthe molecular barcode and the target nucleic acid molecule; amplifyingthe second nucleic acid molecule or complement thereof to generate afirst plurality of amplicons comprising the molecular barcode and thetarget nucleic acid molecule; fragmenting the first plurality ofamplicons to generate a plurality of nucleic acid fragments comprisingthe molecular barcode and fragments of the target nucleic acid molecule,wherein at least two of the fragments of the target nucleic acidmolecule have different length; circularizing the plurality of nucleicacid fragments to generate a plurality of circularized nucleic acidmolecules, wherein at least two of the plurality of circularized nucleicacid molecules comprise the molecular barcode in close proximity todifferent positions of the target nucleic acid molecule; and amplifyingthe plurality of circularized nucleic acid molecules to generate asecond plurality of amplicons, wherein at least two of the secondplurality of amplicons comprises the molecular barcode in closeproximity to different positions of the target nucleic acid molecule. Insome embodiments, each of the plurality of nucleic acid fragments has alength from 50 nt to 10,000 nt. In some embodiments, the plurality ofnucleic acid fragments comprises at least 2 nucleic acid fragments. Insome embodiments, the plurality of nucleic acid fragments comprises atleast 10 nucleic acid fragments. In some embodiments, the plurality ofnucleic acid fragments comprises at least 100 nucleic acid fragments. Insome embodiments, the plurality of nucleic acid fragments comprises atleast 1,000 nucleic acid fragments. In some embodiments, the pluralityof nucleic acid fragments comprises at least 10,000 nucleic acidfragments. In some embodiments, the fragmenting comprises sonication ofthe first plurality of amplicons. In some embodiments, the fragmentingcomprises restriction digestion of the first plurality of amplicons. Insome embodiments, at least 50% of the plurality of nucleic acidfragments comprises different length. In some embodiments, at least 80%of the plurality of nucleic acid fragments comprises different length.In some embodiments, at least 90% of the plurality of nucleic acidfragments comprises different length. In some embodiments, the targetnucleic acid is a DNA. In some embodiments, the target nucleic acid isan mRNA. In some embodiments, the oligonucleotide specifically binds toa binding site on the target nucleic acid molecule. In some embodiments,the binding site is a gene-specific sequence. In some embodiments, thebinding site is a poly-A sequence. In some embodiments, the molecularbarcode comprises a sample label, a cellular label, a molecular label,or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the molecular barcodecomprises a binding site for a primer. In some embodiments, the primeris a universal primer. In some embodiments, the amplifying the pluralityof circularized nucleic acid molecules comprises PCR amplification usingthe universal primer. In some embodiments, the methods further compriseligating an adaptor to the second nucleic acid molecule or complementthereof before the amplifying step. In some embodiments, the adaptorcomprises a binding site for a second universal primer. In someembodiments, the amplifying the second nucleic acid molecule orcomplement thereof comprises PCR amplification using a second universalprimer. In some embodiments, the methods further comprise amplifying thesecond plurality of amplicons to generate a third plurality ofamplicons. In some embodiments, the amplifying the second plurality ofamplicons comprises PCR amplification using a random primer. In someembodiments, the random primer comprises a binding site for a sequencingprimer. In some embodiments, at least two of the third plurality ofamplicons overlap with each other. In some embodiments, the at least twoof the third plurality of amplicons overlap with each other by at least8 nt. In some embodiments, the at least two of the third plurality ofamplicons overlap with each other by at least 10 nt. In someembodiments, the at least two of the third plurality of ampliconsoverlap with each other by at least 12 nt. In some embodiments, the atleast two of the third plurality of amplicons overlap with each other byat least 14 nt. In some embodiments, the third plurality of ampliconscovers the entire length of the nucleic acid molecule. In someembodiments, the third plurality of amplicons has an average size ofabout 250 nt. In some embodiments, the sample comprises a single cell.In some embodiments, the sample comprises a plurality of cells. In someembodiments, the oligonucleotide is immobilized on a solid support. Insome embodiments, the solid support is a bead. In some embodiments, themethods further comprise generating a sequencing library for a pluralityof target nucleic acid molecules from the sample.

Some embodiments disclosed herein provide compositions for generating asequencing library for a plurality of nucleic acid molecules of asample, comprising a plurality of oligonucleotides, wherein each of theplurality of oligonucleotides comprises from 5′ to 3′: a molecularlabel, a sample label, a binding site for a sequencing primer and atarget-specific region that specifically binds to a nucleic acidmolecule, wherein each of the plurality of oligonucleotides comprisesthe same sample label, and wherein at least 100 of the plurality ofoligonucleotides comprise different molecular labels. In someembodiments, the binding site for the sequencing primer is oriented inthe opposite direction of the oligonucleotide. In some embodiments, thetarget-specific region binds to each of the plurality of nucleic acidmolecules. In some embodiments, the target-specific region comprises arandom sequence. In some embodiments, the target-specific regioncomprises an oligo-dT sequence. In some embodiments, each of theplurality of oligonucleotides comprises a restriction enzyme recognitionsite 5′ to the molecular label. In some embodiments, each of theplurality of oligonucleotides comprises a binding site for a universalprimer 5′ to the molecular label. In some embodiments, the binding sitefor a universal primer is 5′ to the restriction enzyme recognition site.In some embodiments, the sample comprises a single cell. In someembodiments, the sample comprises a plurality of cells. In someembodiments, the oligonucleotide is immobilized on a solid support. Insome embodiments, the solid support is a bead.

Some embodiments disclosed herein provide kits for generating asequencing library for a plurality of nucleic acid molecules of asample, comprising a plurality of oligonucleotides and an enzyme,wherein each of the plurality of oligonucleotides comprises from 5′ to3′: a molecular label, a sample label, a binding site for a sequencingprimer and a target-specific region that specifically binds to a nucleicacid molecule, wherein each of the plurality of oligonucleotidescomprises the same sample label, and wherein at least 100 of theplurality of oligonucleotides comprise different molecular labels. Insome embodiments, the binding site for a sequencing primer is orientedin the opposite direction of the oligonucleotide. In some embodiments,the target-specific region binds to each of the plurality of nucleicacid molecules. In some embodiments, the target-specific regioncomprises a random sequence. In some embodiments, the target-specificregion comprises an oligo-dT sequence. In some embodiments, each of theplurality of oligonucleotides comprises a restriction enzyme recognitionsite 5′ to the molecular label. In some embodiments, each of theplurality of oligonucleotides comprises a binding site for a universalprimer 5′ to the molecular label. In some embodiments, the binding sitefor a universal primer is 5′ to the restriction enzyme recognition site.In some embodiments, the enzyme is selected from the group consisting ofa ligase, a restriction enzyme, a DNA polymerase, a reversetranscriptase, an RNase, or any combination thereof. In someembodiments, the kits further comprise an adaptor. In some embodiments,the adaptor comprises a binding site for a second universal primer. Insome embodiments, the kits further comprise a random primer. In someembodiments, the random primer comprises a binding site for a secondsequencing primer. In some embodiments, the sample comprises a singlecell. In some embodiments, the sample comprises a plurality of cells. Insome embodiments, the oligonucleotide is immobilized on a solid support.In some embodiments, the solid support comprises a bead.

Some embodiments disclosed herein provide sequencing libraries for anucleic acid molecule from a sample comprising a plurality of amplicons,wherein each of the plurality of amplicons comprises from 5′ to 3′: abinding site for a first sequencing primer, a molecular label, afragment of the nucleic acid molecule and a binding site for a secondsequencing primer, wherein each of the plurality of amplicons comprisesthe same molecular label, and wherein the fragments of the nucleic acidmolecule of the plurality of amplicons cover the entire length of thenucleic acid molecule. In some embodiments, each of the plurality ofamplicons comprises a sample label. In some embodiments, each of theplurality of amplicons comprises the same sample label. In someembodiments, the plurality of amplicons comprises an average size of 250nt. In some embodiments, the plurality of amplicons comprises an averagesize of 500 nt. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid molecule is anmRNA. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid molecule has a length of atleast 1,500 nt. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid molecule has alength of at least 3,000 nt. In some embodiments, the nucleic acidmolecule has a length of at least 5,000 nt. In some embodiments, thesample comprises a single cell. In some embodiments, the sequencinglibraries comprise at least 10 amplicons. In some embodiments, thesequencing libraries comprise at least 20 amplicons. In someembodiments, the sequencing libraries comprise at least 50 amplicons. Insome embodiments, the sequencing libraries comprise at least 100amplicons. In some embodiments, the sequencing libraries comprise atleast 200 amplicons. In some embodiments, the sequencing librariescomprise at least 500 amplicons. In some embodiments, at least two ofthe fragments of the nucleic acid molecule overlap with each other. Insome embodiments, the at least two of the fragments of the nucleic acidmolecule overlap with each other by at least 8 nt. In some embodiments,the at least two of the fragments of the nucleic acid molecule overlapwith each other by at least 10 nt. In some embodiments, the at least twoof the fragments of the nucleic acid molecule overlap with each other byat least 12 nt. In some embodiments, the at least two of the fragmentsof the nucleic acid molecule overlap with each other by at least 14 nt.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 shows a schematic illustration of an exemplary method of labelinga target nucleic acid with a molecular barcode.

FIG. 2 shows a schematic illustration of an exemplary method ofgenerating a sequencing library for a target nucleic acid molecule.

FIG. 3 shows a schematic illustration of an exemplary method ofgenerating a sequencing library for a target nucleic acid molecule.

FIG. 4 shows sequencing results from 1 ng T cell RNA using the methoddisclosed herein.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION Definitions

Unless otherwise defined, all technical terms used herein have the samemeaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art inthe field to which this disclosure belongs. As used in thisspecification and the appended claims, the singular forms “a,” “an,” and“the” include plural references unless the context clearly dictatesotherwise. Any reference to “or” herein is intended to encompass“and/or” unless otherwise stated.

As used herein the term “associated” or “associated with” can mean thattwo or more species are identifiable as being co-located at a point intime. An association can mean that two or more species are or werewithin a similar container. An association can be an informaticsassociation, where for example digital information regarding two or morespecies is stored and can be used to determine that one or more of thespecies were co-located at a point in time. An association can also be aphysical association. In some instances two or more associated speciesare “tethered”, “attached”, or “immobilized” to one another or to acommon solid or semisolid surface. An association may refer to covalentor non-covalent means for attaching labels to solid or semi-solidsupports such as beads. An association may comprise hybridizationbetween a target and a label.

As used herein, the term “complementary” can refer to the capacity forprecise pairing between two nucleotides. For example, if a nucleotide ata given position of a nucleic acid is capable of hydrogen bonding with anucleotide of another nucleic acid, then the two nucleic acids areconsidered to be complementary to one another at that position.

Complementarity between two single-stranded nucleic acid molecules maybe “partial,” in which only some of the nucleotides bind, or it may becomplete when total complementarity exists between the single-strandedmolecules. A first nucleotide sequence can be said to be the“complement” of a second sequence if the first nucleotide sequence iscomplementary to the second nucleotide sequence. A first nucleotidesequence can be said to be the “reverse complement” of a secondsequence, if the first nucleotide sequence is complementary to asequence that is the reverse (i.e., the order of the nucleotides isreversed) of the second sequence. As used herein, the terms“complement”, “complementary”, and “reverse complement” can be usedinterchangeably. It is understood from the disclosure that if a moleculecan hybridize to another molecule it may be the complement of themolecule that is hybridizing.

As used herein, the term “digital counting” can refer to a method forestimating a number of target molecules in a sample. Digital countingcan include the step of determining a number of unique labels that havebeen associated with targets in a sample. This stochastic methodologytransforms the problem of counting molecules from one of locating andidentifying identical molecules to a series of yes/no digital questionsregarding detection of a set of predefined labels.

As used herein, the term “label” or “labels” can refer to nucleic acidcodes associated with a target within a sample. A label can be, forexample, a nucleic acid label. A label can be an entirely or partiallyamplifiable label. A label can be entirely or partially sequencablelabel. A label can be a portion of a native nucleic acid that isidentifiable as distinct. A label can be a known sequence. A label cancomprise a junction of nucleic acid sequences, for example a junction ofa native and non-native sequence. As used herein, the term “label” canbe used interchangeably with the terms, “index”, “tag,” or “label-tag.”Labels can convey information. For example, in various embodiments,labels can be used to determine an identity of a sample, a source of asample, an identity of a cell, and/or a target.

As used herein, a “nucleic acid” can generally refer to a polynucleotidesequence, or fragment thereof. A nucleic acid can comprise nucleotides.A nucleic acid can be exogenous or endogenous to a cell. A nucleic acidcan exist in a cell-free environment. A nucleic acid can be a gene orfragment thereof. A nucleic acid can be DNA.

A nucleic acid can be RNA. A nucleic acid can comprise one or moreanalogs (e.g. altered backbone, sugar, or nucleobase). Some non-limitingexamples of analogs include: 5-bromouracil, peptide nucleic acid, xenonucleic acid, morpholinos, locked nucleic acids, glycol nucleic acids,threose nucleic acids, dideoxynucleotides, cordycepin, 7-deaza-GTP,florophores (e.g. rhodamine or fluorescein linked to the sugar), thiolcontaining nucleotides, biotin linked nucleotides, fluorescent baseanalogs, CpG islands, methyl-7-guanosine, methylated nucleotides,inosine, thiouridine, pseudourdine, dihydrouridine, queuosine, andwyosine. “Nucleic acid”, “polynucleotide, “target polynucleotide”, and“target nucleic acid” can be used interchangeably.

A nucleic acid can comprise one or more modifications (e.g., a basemodification, a backbone modification), to provide the nucleic acid witha new or enhanced feature (e.g., improved stability). A nucleic acid cancomprise a nucleic acid affinity tag. A nucleoside can be a base-sugarcombination. The base portion of the nucleoside can be a heterocyclicbase. The two most common classes of such heterocyclic bases are thepurines and the pyrimidines. Nucleotides can be nucleosides that furtherinclude a phosphate group covalently linked to the sugar portion of thenucleoside. For those nucleosides that include a pentofuranosyl sugar,the phosphate group can be linked to the 2′, the 3′, or the 5′ hydroxylmoiety of the sugar. In forming nucleic acids, the phosphate groups cancovalently link adjacent nucleosides to one another to form a linearpolymeric compound. In turn, the respective ends of this linearpolymeric compound can be further joined to form a circular compound;however, linear compounds are generally suitable. In addition, linearcompounds may have internal nucleotide base complementarity and maytherefore fold in a manner as to produce a fully or partiallydouble-stranded compound. Within nucleic acids, the phosphate groups cancommonly be referred to as forming the internucleoside backbone of thenucleic acid. The linkage or backbone of the nucleic acid can be a 3′ to5′ phosphodiester linkage.

A nucleic acid can comprise a modified backbone and/or modifiedinternucleoside linkages. Modified backbones can include those thatretain a phosphorus atom in the backbone and those that do not have aphosphorus atom in the backbone. Suitable modified nucleic acidbackbones containing a phosphorus atom therein can include, for example,phosphorothioates, chiral phosphorothioates, phosphorodithioates,phosphotriesters, aminoalkylphosphotriesters, methyl and other alkylphosphonates such as 3 ‘-alkylene phosphonates, 5’-alkylenephosphonates, chiral phosphonates, phosphinates, phosphoramidatesincluding 3′-amino phosphoramidate and aminoalkylphosphoramidates,phosphorodiamidates, thionophosphoramidates, thionoalkylphosphonates,thionoalkylphosphotriesters, selenophosphates, and boranophosphateshaving normal 3′-5′ linkages, 2′-5′ linked analogs, and those havinginverted polarity wherein one or more internucleotide linkages is a 3′to 3′, a 5′ to 5′ or a 2′ to 2′ linkage.

A nucleic acid can comprise polynucleotide backbones that are formed byshort chain alkyl or cycloalkyl internucleoside linkages, mixedheteroatom and alkyl or cycloalkyl internucleoside linkages, or one ormore short chain heteroatomic or heterocyclic internucleoside linkages.These can include those having morpholino linkages (formed in part fromthe sugar portion of a nucleoside); siloxane backbones; sulfide,sulfoxide and sulfone backbones; formacetyl and thioformacetylbackbones; methylene formacetyl and thioformacetyl backbones; riboacetylbackbones; alkene containing backbones; sulfamate backbones;methyleneimino and methylenehydrazino backbones; sulfonate andsulfonamide backbones; amide backbones; and others having mixed N, O, Sand CH2 component parts.

A nucleic acid can comprise a nucleic acid mimetic. The term “mimetic”can be intended to include polynucleotides wherein only the furanosering or both the furanose ring and the internucleotide linkage arereplaced with non-furanose groups, replacement of only the furanose ringcan also be referred as being a sugar surrogate. The heterocyclic basemoiety or a modified heterocyclic base moiety can be maintained forhybridization with an appropriate target nucleic acid. One such nucleicacid can be a peptide nucleic acid (PNA). In a PNA, the sugar-backboneof a polynucleotide can be replaced with an amide containing backbone,in particular an aminoethylglycine backbone. The nucleotides can beretained and are bound directly or indirectly to aza nitrogen atoms ofthe amide portion of the backbone. The backbone in PNA compounds cancomprise two or more linked aminoethylglycine units which gives PNA anamide containing backbone. The heterocyclic base moieties can be bounddirectly or indirectly to aza nitrogen atoms of the amide portion of thebackbone.

A nucleic acid can comprise a morpholino backbone structure. Forexample, a nucleic acid can comprise a 6-membered morpholino ring inplace of a ribose ring. In some of these embodiments, aphosphorodiamidate or other non-phosphodiester internucleoside linkagecan replace a phosphodiester linkage.

A nucleic acid can comprise linked morpholino units (i.e. morpholinonucleic acid) having heterocyclic bases attached to the morpholino ring.Linking groups can link the morpholino monomeric units in a morpholinonucleic acid. Non-ionic morpholino-based oligomeric compounds can haveless undesired interactions with cellular proteins. Morpholino-basedpolynucleotides can be nonionic mimics of nucleic acids. A variety ofcompounds within the morpholino class can be joined using differentlinking groups. A further class of polynucleotide mimetic can bereferred to as cyclohexenyl nucleic acids (CeNA). The furanose ringnormally present in a nucleic acid molecule can be replaced with acyclohexenyl ring. CeNA DMT protected phosphoramidite monomers can beprepared and used for oligomeric compound synthesis usingphosphoramidite chemistry. The incorporation of CeNA monomers into anucleic acid chain can increase the stability of a DNA/RNA hybrid. CeNAoligoadenylates can form complexes with nucleic acid complements withsimilar stability to the native complexes. A further modification caninclude Locked Nucleic Acids (LNAs) in which the 2′-hydroxyl group islinked to the 4′ carbon atom of the sugar ring thereby forming a2′-C,4′-C-oxymethylene linkage thereby forming a bicyclic sugar moiety.The linkage can be a methylene (—CH2-), group bridging the 2′ oxygenatom and the 4′ carbon atom wherein n is 1 or 2. LNA and LNA analogs candisplay very high duplex thermal stabilities with complementary nucleicacid (Tm=+3 to +10° C.), stability towards 3′-exonucleolytic degradationand good solubility properties.

A nucleic acid may also include nucleobase (often referred to simply as“base”) modifications or substitutions. As used herein, “unmodified” or“natural” nucleobases can include the purine bases, (e.g. adenine (A)and guanine (G)), and the pyrimidine bases, (e.g. thymine (T), cytosine(C) and uracil (U)). Modified nucleobases can include other syntheticand natural nucleobases such as 5-methylcytosine (5-me-C),5-hydroxymethyl cytosine, xanthine, hypoxanthine, 2-aminoadenine,6-methyl and other alkyl derivatives of adenine and guanine, 2-propyland other alkyl derivatives of adenine and guanine, 2-thiouracil,2-thiothymine and 2-thiocytosine, 5-halouracil and cytosine, 5-propynyl(—C═C—CH3) uracil and cytosine and other alkynyl derivatives ofpyrimidine bases, 6-azo uracil, cytosine and thymine, 5-uracil(pseudouracil), 4-thiouracil, 8-halo, 8-amino, 8-thiol, 8-thioalkyl,8-hydroxyl and other 8-substituted adenines and guanines, 5-haloparticularly 5-bromo, 5-trifluoromethyl and other 5-substituted uracilsand cytosines, 7-methylguanine and 7-methyladenine, 2-F-adenine,2-aminoadenine, 8-azaguanine and 8-azaadenine, 7-deazaguanine and7-deazaadenine and 3-deazaguanine and 3-deazaadenine. Modifiednucleobases can include tricyclic pyrimidines such as phenoxazinecytidine(1H-pyrimido(5,4-b)(1,4)benzoxazin-2(3H)-one), phenothiazinecytidine (1H-pyrimido(5,4-b)(1,4)benzothiazin-2(3H)-one), G-clamps suchas a substituted phenoxazine cytidine (e.g.9-(2-aminoethoxy)-H-pyrimido(5,4-(b) (1,4)benzoxazin-2(3H)-one),carbazole cytidine (2H-pyrimido(4,5-b)indol-2-one), pyridoindolecytidine (Hpyrido(3′,′:4,5)pyrrolo [2,3-d]pyrimidin-2-one).

As used herein, the term “sample” can refer to a composition comprisingtargets. Suitable samples for analysis by the disclosed methods,devices, and systems include cells, single cells, tissues, organs, ororganisms.

As used herein, the term “sampling device” or “device” can refer to adevice which may take a section of a sample and/or place the section ona substrate. A sample device can refer to, for example, a fluorescenceactivated cell sorting (FACS) machine, a cell sorter machine, a biopsyneedle, a biopsy device, a tissue sectioning device, a microfluidicdevice, a blade grid, and/or a microtome.

As used herein, the term “solid support” can refer to discrete solid orsemi-solid surfaces to which a plurality of stochastic barcodes may beattached. A solid support may encompass any type of solid, porous, orhollow sphere, ball, bearing, cylinder, or other similar configurationcomposed of plastic, ceramic, metal, or polymeric material (e.g.,hydrogel) onto which a nucleic acid may be immobilized (e.g., covalentlyor non-covalently). A solid support may comprise a discrete particlethat may be spherical (e.g., microspheres) or have a non-spherical orirregular shape, such as cubic, cuboid, pyramidal, cylindrical, conical,oblong, or disc-shaped, and the like. A plurality of solid supportsspaced in an array may not comprise a substrate. A solid support may beused interchangeably with the term “bead.” As used herein, “solidsupport” and “substrate” can be used interchangeably.

As used here, the term “target” can refer to a composition which can beassociated with a stochastic barcode. Exemplary suitable targets foranalysis by the disclosed methods, devices, and systems includeoligonucleotides, DNA, RNA, mRNA, microRNA, tRNA, and the like. Targetscan be single or double stranded. In some embodiments targets can beproteins. In some embodiments targets are lipids. As used herein,“target” can be used interchangeably with “species”.

The term “reverse transcriptases” can refer to a group of enzymes havingreverse transcriptase activity (i.e., that catalyze synthesis of DNAfrom an RNA template). In general, such enzymes include, but are notlimited to, retroviral reverse transcriptase, retrotransposon reversetranscriptase, retroplasmid reverse transcriptases, retron reversetranscriptases, bacterial reverse transcriptases, group IIintron-derived reverse transcriptase, and mutants, variants orderivatives thereof. Non-retroviral reverse transcriptases includenon-LTR retrotransposon reverse transcriptases, retroplasmid reversetranscriptases, retron reverse transcriptases, and group II intronreverse transcriptases. Examples of group II intron reversetranscriptases include the Lactococc s lactis Ll.LtrB intron reversetranscriptase, the Thermosynechococcus elongatus TeI4c intron reversetranscriptase, or the Geobacillus stearothermophilus GsI-IIC intronreverse transcriptase. Other classes of reverse transcriptases caninclude many classes of non-retroviral reverse transcriptases (i.e.,retrons, group II introns, and diversity-generating retroelements amongothers).

Methods of Labeling a Target Nucleic Acid

This disclosure provides methods that allow for labeling a targetnucleic acid with one or more molecular barcodes, for example, throughintramolecular ligation. The end products of these methods are suitablefor, for example, sequence identification, transcript counting,alternative splicing analysis, mutation screening, and full length mRNAsequencing in a high throughput manner without the use of long readsequencing. The methods disclosed herein can be used for associating amolecular barcode with a target nucleic acid, wherein the target nucleicacid is located at the terminus or internally in a nucleic acidmolecule, e.g., an mRNA molecule or a cDNA molecule. For example, thetarget nucleic acid can be located at least 200 nucleotides (nt), atleast 300 nt, at least 400 nt, at least 500 nt, at least 600 nt, atleast 700 nt, at least 800 nt, at least 900 nt, at least 1,000 nt, atleast 2,000 nt, at least 3,000 nt, at least 4,000 nt, at least 5,000 nt,or more, from either the 5′ end or the 3′ end of the nucleic acidmolecule.

Without being bound by any particular theory, the target nucleic acidcan be a variety of sequences that are suitable for molecular barcoding,for example, a coding sequence for a functional domain, a mutation site,a splicing junction, a coding region, an untranslated region, etc. Insome embodiments, the target nucleic acid can be any part of a nucleicacid molecule. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid molecule cancomprise a T cell receptor gene, an immunoglobulin gene, an MHC gene, atumor suppressor gene, an oncogene, a transcription factor gene, acell-surface gene, etc. In some embodiments, the target nucleic acid cancomprise about 20 nt, about 30 nt, about 40 nt, about 50 nt, about 60nt, about 70 nt, about 80 nt, about 90 nt, about 100 nt, about 200 nt,about 300 nt, about 400 nt, about 500 nt, or a range between any two ofthe above values.

Hybridizing an Oligonucleotide with a Nucleic Acid Molecule

In some embodiments, a nucleic acid molecule comprising a target nucleicacid is hybridized to an oligonucleotide comprising a molecular barcode.The oligonucleotide can be a variety of lengths, such as about 20 nt,about 30 nt, about 40 nt, about 50 nt, about 60 nt, about 70 nt, about80 nt, about 90 nt, about 100 nt, about 200 nt, or more, or a rangebetween any two of the above values. The molecular barcode can comprise,or be, a molecular label, a sample label, a cellular label, a universallabel, or any combination thereof.

In some embodiments, the oligonucleotide can comprise a binding regionthat specifically binds to a binding site on the nucleic acid molecule.The binding site can be, or comprise, for example, a gene-specificsequence, a poly-A sequence, a 5′ sequence, a 3′ sequence, or acombination thereof. It would be appreciated that the binding site canbe located at various distances from the target nucleic acid on thenucleic acid molecule. For example, on the nucleic acid molecule, thebinding site can be located at least 20 nt, at least 50 nt, at least 100nt, at least 200 nt, at least 300 nt, at least 400 nt, at least 500 nt,at least 600 nt, at least 700 nt, at least 800 nt, at least 900 nt, atleast 1,000 nt, at least 2,000 nt, at least 3,000 nt, at least 4,000 nt,at least 5,000 nt, or more, from the target nucleic acid. In someembodiments, the binding site is located 20 nt, 50 nt, 100 nt, 200 nt,300 nt, 400 nt, 500 nt, 600 nt, 700 nt, 800 nt, 900 nt, 1,000 nt, 2,000nt, 3,000 nt, 4,000 nt, 5,000 nt, or a range between any two of thesevalues, from the target nucleic acid on the nucleic acid molecule.

Extension

In some embodiments, the hybridized oligonucleotides can be extendedusing the nucleic acid molecule as a template to generate a newoligonucleotide comprising a molecular barcode. In some embodimentswhere the nucleic acid molecule is an RNA molecule, the oligonucleotidecan be extended using reverse transcription. Reverse transcription ofthe associated RNA molecule may occur by the addition of a reversetranscriptase And cDNA molecules can be generated by the reversetranscription reactions. In some embodiments, a second strand DNA isgenerated using the cDNA molecules as a template. Second strandsynthesis can be performed using a primer that is specific for thenucleic acid molecule. It would be appreciated that the primerpreferably binds to the cDNA molecule at a location that is away fromthe target nucleic acid. In some embodiments, the primer can bind to thecDNA molecule at a location that is about 10 nt, about 20 nt, about 30nt, about 40 nt, about 50 nt, about 100 nt, a range between any two ofthese values, or more away from the target nucleic acid.

Amplification of Extension Products

In some embodiments, the extension product, the cDNA from the reversetranscription step or the double-stranded DNA can be used as a templatefor amplification. One or more nucleic acid amplification reactions canbe performed to create multiple copies of the molecular labeled nucleicacid molecules. In some embodiments, the amplification can be performedusing a universal primer that binds to a binding site on theoligonucleotide.

Amplification can be performed using a primer that is specific for thenucleic acid molecule. It would be appreciated that the primerpreferably binds to the extension product, the cDNA from the reversetranscription step or the double-stranded DNA at a location that is awayfrom the target nucleic acid. In some embodiments, the primer can bindto the extension product (for example, the cDNA from the reversetranscription step or the double-stranded DNA) at a location that isabout 10 nt, about 20 nt, about 30 nt, about 40 nt, about 50 nt, about100 nt, a range between any two of these values, or more away from thetarget nucleic acid. In some embodiments, the extension product (forexample, the cDNA from the reverse transcription step or thedouble-stranded DNA) can be ligated with an adaptor. In someembodiments, the adaptor can comprise a binding site for a seconduniversal primer. The second universal primer can be used, for example,for the amplification of the extension product (e.g., the cDNA from thereverse transcription step or the double-stranded DNA).

The term “adaptor” can refer to a single stranded, partiallydouble-stranded, or double-stranded, oligonucleotide of at least 5, 10,15, 20 or 25 bases that can be attached to the end of a nucleic acid.Adaptor sequences can comprise, for example, priming sites, thecomplement of a priming site, and recognition sites for endonucleases,common sequences and promoters. The adaptor can be entirely orsubstantially double stranded. A double stranded adaptor can comprisetwo oligonucleotides that are at least partially complementary. Theadaptor can be phosphorylated or unphosphorylated on one or bothstrands. The adaptor can have a double-stranded section and asingle-stranded overhang section that is completely or partiallycomplementary to an overhang (e.g., generated by a restriction enzyme,or a polymerase enzyme). The overhang in the adaptor can be, forexample, 4 to 8 bases. For example, when DNA is digested with therestriction enzyme EcoRI, the resulting double stranded fragments areflanked at either end by the single stranded overhang 5′-AATT-3′, anadaptor that carries a single stranded overhang 5′-AATT-3′ can hybridizeto the fragment through complementarity between the overhanging regions.This “sticky end” hybridization of the adaptor to the fragmentfacilitates ligation of the adaptor to the fragment; however, bluntended ligation is also possible. Blunt ends can be converted to stickyends using, for example, the exonuclease activity of the Klenowfragment. For example when DNA is digested with PvuII, the blunt endscan be converted to a two base pair overhang by incubating the fragmentswith Klenow in the presence of dTTP and dCTP. Overhangs can also beconverted to blunt ends by filling in an overhang or removing anoverhang.

Amplification may be performed in a multiplexed manner, wherein multiplenucleic acid sequences are amplified simultaneously. The amplificationreactions may comprise amplifying at least a portion of a sample label,if present. The amplification reactions may comprise amplifying at leasta portion of the cellular and/or molecular label. The amplificationreactions may comprise amplifying at least a portion of a sample tag, acellular label, a spatial label, a molecular label, a target nucleicacid, or a combination thereof. The amplification reactions may compriseamplifying at least 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 15%, 20%,25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%,95%, 97%, or 100% of the plurality of nucleic acids. The amplificationreactions may comprise amplifying 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%,10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%,80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 97%, 100%, or a range of any two of these values, ofthe plurality of nucleic acids.

In some embodiments, amplification is performed using a polymerase chainreaction (PCR). As used herein, PCR refers to a reaction for the invitro amplification of specific DNA sequences by the simultaneous primerextension of complementary strands of DNA. As used herein, PCRencompasses derivative forms of the reaction, including but not limitedto, RT-PCR, real-time PCR, nested PCR, quantitative PCR, multiplexedPCR, digital PCR, and assembly PCR.

Amplification of the labeled nucleic acids can comprise non-PCR basedmethods. Examples of non-PCR based methods include, but are not limitedto, multiple displacement amplification (MDA), transcription-mediatedamplification (TMA), whole transcriptome amplification (WTA), wholegenome amplification (WGA), nucleic acid sequence-based amplification(NASBA), strand displacement amplification (SDA), real-time SDA, rollingcircle amplification, or circle-to-circle amplification. Othernon-PCR-based amplification methods include multiple cycles ofDNA-dependent RNA polymerase-driven RNA transcription amplification orRNA-directed DNA synthesis and transcription to amplify DNA or RNAtargets, a ligase chain reaction (LCR), and a Qβ replicase (Qβ) method,use of palindromic probes, strand displacement amplification,oligonucleotide-driven amplification using a restriction endonuclease,an amplification method in which a primer is hybridized to a nucleicacid sequence and the resulting duplex is cleaved prior to the extensionreaction and amplification, strand displacement amplification using anucleic acid polymerase lacking 5′ exonuclease activity, rolling circleamplification, and ramification extension amplification (RAM). In someinstances, the amplification may not produce circularized transcripts.

Amplification may comprise use of one or more non-natural nucleotides.Non-natural nucleotides may comprise photolabile or triggerablenucleotides. Examples of non-natural nucleotides can include, but arenot limited to, peptide nucleic acid (PNA), morpholino and lockednucleic acid (LNA), as well as glycol nucleic acid (GNA) and threosenucleic acid (TNA). Non-natural nucleotides may be added to one or morecycles of an amplification reaction. The addition of the non-naturalnucleotides may be used to identify products as specific cycles or timepoints in the amplification reaction.

Conducting the one or more amplification reactions may comprise the useof one or more primers. The one or more primers may comprise at least 1,2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, or 15 or more nucleotides.The one or more primers may comprise at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9,10, 11, 12, 13, 14, or 15 or more nucleotides. The one or more primersmay comprise less than 12-15 nucleotides. The one or more primers mayanneal to at least a portion of the molecular barcoded nucleic acidmolecules. The one or more primers may anneal to the 3′ end or 5′ end ofthe molecular barcoded nucleic acid molecules. The one or more primersmay anneal to an internal region of the molecular barcoded nucleic acidmolecules. The internal region may be at least about 50, 100, 150, 200,220, 230, 240, 250, 260, 270, 280, 290, 300, 310, 320, 330, 340, 350,360, 370, 380, 390, 400, 410, 420, 430, 440, 450, 460, 470, 480, 490,500, 510, 520, 530, 540, 550, 560, 570, 580, 590, 600, 650, 700, 750,800, 850, 900 or 1000 nucleotides from the 3′ ends of the molecularlabeled reference gene(s) and/or spike-in RNA. The one or more primersmay comprise a fixed panel of primers. The one or more primers maycomprise at least one or more customized primers. The one or moreprimers may comprise at least one or more control primers. The one ormore primers may comprise at least one or more gene-specific primers.

The one or more primers may comprise any universal primer of thedisclosure. The universal primer may anneal to a universal primerbinding site. The one or more customized primers may anneal to a samplelabel, a spatial label, a cellular label, a molecular label, a target,or any combination thereof. The one or more primers can, in someembodiments, comprise one or more of a universal primer and a customizedprimer. The customized primer may be designed to specifically amplifythe molecular barcoded nucleic acid molecules. The one or more primersmay comprise at least 96 or more customized primers. The one or moreprimers may comprise at least 960 or more customized primers. The one ormore primers may comprise at least 9600 or more customized primers. Theone or more customized primers may anneal to two or more differentbarcoded nucleic acid molecules. The two or more different barcodednucleic acid molecules may correspond to one or more genes.

Circularization of Extension/Amplification Products

In the methods described herein, he extension product (e.g., the cDNAfrom the reverse transcription step, the double-stranded DNA, etc.) orthe amplification product thereof can be circularized through, e.g.,intramolecular ligation. In some embodiments, the intramolecularligation can be performed on a single-stranded DNA. In some embodiments,the intramolecular ligation can be performed on a double-stranded DNA.In some embodiments, the intramolecular ligation is performed on thecDNA obtained from the reverse transcription step, or complementthereof. In some embodiments, the intramolecular ligation is performedon amplicons of the cDNA or complement thereof. In some embodiments, theintramolecular ligation is performed on one of the strands of theamplicons of the cDNA.

As a result of the intramolecular ligation, a circularized nucleic acidmolecule (single-stranded or double-stranded) is produced. Without beingbound by any particular theory, in the circularized nucleic acidmolecule, the molecular barcode, or part thereof, can be in closeproximity to the target nucleic acid. For example, in the circularizednucleic acid molecule, the molecular barcode, or part thereof, can be atmost 500 nt, at most 400 nt, at most 300 nt, at most 200 nt, at most 100nt, at most 90 nt, at most 80 nt, at most 70 nt, at most 60 nt, at most50 nt, at most 40 nt, at most 30 nt, at most 20 nt, at most 10 nt, orless, away from the target nucleic acid. In some embodiments, in thecircularized nucleic acid molecule, the molecular barcode, or partthereof, is, or is about, 1000 nt, 750 nt, 500 nt, 400 nt, 300 nt, 200nt, 100 nt, 90 nt, 80 nt, 70 nt, 60 nt, 50 nt, 40 nt, 30 nt, 20 nt, 10nt, or a range between any two of these values, away from the targetnucleic acid.

Amplifying the Circularization Product

As described herein, the circularization product can be amplified toproduce a plurality of amplicons comprising the molecular barcode inclose proximity to the target nucleic acid. In some embodiments, theplurality amplicons comprises, or are, linear amplicons.

Amplification can be performed, for example, using a primer that isspecific for the nucleic acid molecule. It would be appreciated that theprimer preferably binds to the circularization product at a locationthat is away from the target nucleic acid. In some embodiments, theprimer can bind to the circularization product at a location that isabout 10 nt, about 20 nt, about 30 nt, about 40 nt, about 50 nt, about100 nt, or a range between any two of these values, away from the targetnucleic acid. In some embodiments, the primer can bind to thecircularization product at a location that is at least, or at leastabout, 10 nt, 20 nt, 30 nt, 40 nt, 50 nt, 100 nt, or more, away from thetarget nucleic acid. In some embodiments, the primer can bind to thecircularization product at a location that is at most, or at most about,10 nt, 20 nt, 30 nt, 40 nt, 50 nt, 100 nt, or more, away from the targetnucleic acid.

Amplification may be performed in a multiplexed manner, wherein multiplenucleic acid sequences are amplified simultaneously. The amplificationreactions may comprise amplifying at least a portion of a sample label,if present. The amplification reactions may comprise amplifying at leasta portion of the cellular and/or molecular label. The amplificationreactions may comprise amplifying at least a portion of a sample tag, acellular label, a spatial label, a molecular label, a target nucleicacid, or a combination thereof. The amplification reactions may compriseamplifying at least 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 15%, 20%,25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%,95%, 97%, or 100% of the circularization products. The amplificationreactions may comprise amplifying 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%,10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%,80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 97%, 100%, or a range between any two of thesevalues, of the circularization products.

In some embodiments, the amplification is performed using a polymerasechain reaction (PCR). As used herein, PCR may refer to a reaction forthe in vitro amplification of specific DNA sequences by the simultaneousprimer extension of complementary strands of DNA. As used herein, PCRmay encompass derivative forms of the reaction, including but notlimited to, RT-PCR, real-time PCR, nested PCR, quantitative PCR,multiplexed PCR, digital PCR, and assembly PCR.

Amplification of the labeled nucleic acids can comprise non-PCR basedmethods. Examples of non-PCR based methods include, but are not limitedto, multiple displacement amplification (MDA), transcription-mediatedamplification (TMA), whole transcriptome amplification (WTA), wholegenome amplification (WGA), nucleic acid sequence-based amplification(NASBA), strand displacement amplification (SDA), real-time SDA, rollingcircle amplification, or circle-to-circle amplification. Othernon-PCR-based amplification methods include multiple cycles ofDNA-dependent RNA polymerase-driven RNA transcription amplification orRNA-directed DNA synthesis and transcription to amplify DNA or RNAtargets, a ligase chain reaction (LCR), and a Qβ replicase (Qβ) method,use of palindromic probes, strand displacement amplification,oligonucleotide-driven amplification using a restriction endonuclease,an amplification method in which a primer is hybridized to a nucleicacid sequence and the resulting duplex is cleaved prior to the extensionreaction and amplification, strand displacement amplification using anucleic acid polymerase lacking 5′ exonuclease activity, rolling circleamplification, and ramification extension amplification (RAM). In someinstances, the amplification may not produce circularized transcripts.

Amplification may comprise use of one or more non-natural nucleotides.Non-natural nucleotides may comprise photolabile or triggerablenucleotides. Examples of non-natural nucleotides can include, but arenot limited to, peptide nucleic acid (PNA), morpholino and lockednucleic acid (LNA), as well as glycol nucleic acid (GNA) and threosenucleic acid (TNA). Non-natural nucleotides may be added to one or morecycles of an amplification reaction. The addition of the non-naturalnucleotides may be used to identify products as specific cycles or timepoints in the amplification reaction.

Conducting the one or more amplification reactions may comprise the useof one or more primers. The one or more primers may comprise at least 1,2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, or 15 or more nucleotides.The one or more primers may comprise at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9,10, 11, 12, 13, 14, or 15 or more nucleotides. The one or more primersmay comprise less than 12-15 nucleotides. The one or more primers mayanneal to at least a portion of the molecular barcoded nucleic acidmolecules. The one or more primers may anneal to an internal region ofthe circularization product. The one or more primers may comprise atleast one or more customized primers. The one or more primers maycomprise at least one or more control primers. The one or more primersmay comprise at least one or more gene-specific primers.

The one or more primers may comprise any universal primer of thedisclosure. The universal primer may anneal to a universal primerbinding site. The one or more customized primers may anneal to a firstsample label, a second sample label, a spatial label, a cellular label,a molecular label, a target, or any combination thereof. The one or moreprimers may comprise a universal primer and a customized primer. Thecustomized primer may be designed to amplify the circularizationproduct. The one or more primers may comprise at least 96 or morecustomized primers. The one or more primers may comprise at least 960 ormore customized primers. The one or more primers may comprise at least9600 or more customized primers. The one or more customized primers mayanneal to two or more different circularization product. The two or moredifferent circularization product may correspond to one or more genes.

Any amplification scheme can be used in the methods of the presentdisclosure. For example, in one embodiments, the first round PCR canamplify molecules (e.g., attached to the bead) using a gene specificprimer and a primer against the universal Illumina sequencing primer 1sequence. The second round of PCR can amplify the first PCR productsusing a nested gene specific primer flanked by Illumina sequencingprimer 2 sequence, and a primer against the universal Illuminasequencing primer 1 sequence. The third round of PCR adds P5 and P7 andsample index to turn PCR products into an Illumina sequencing library.Sequencing using 150 bp×2 sequencing can reveal the cell label andmolecular index on read 1, the gene on read 2, and the sample index onindex 1 read.

Amplification can be performed in one or more rounds. In some instancesthere are multiple rounds of amplification. Amplification can comprisetwo or more rounds of amplification. The first amplification can be anextension to generate the gene specific region. The second amplificationcan occur when a sample nucleic hybridizes to the newly generatedstrand.

Sequencing

The amplicons comprising the molecular barcode in close proximity to thetarget nucleic acid (for example, the linear amplicons) can be subjectto sequencing reactions to determine the target nucleic acid sequence,the molecular barcode or part thereof, or both. Any suitable sequencingmethod known in the art can be used, preferably high-throughputapproaches. For example, cyclic array sequencing using platforms such asRoche 454, Illumina Solexa, ABI-SOLiD, ION Torrent, Complete Genomics,Pacific Bioscience, Helicos, or the Polonator platform, may also beutilized. Sequencing may comprise MiSeq sequencing. Sequencing maycomprise HiSeq sequencing.

In some embodiments, sequencing can comprise sequencing at least about10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100 or more nucleotides or basepairs of the labeled nucleic acid and/or molecular barcode. In someembodiments, sequencing can comprise sequencing at most about 10, 20,30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100 or more nucleotides or base pairs of thelabeled nucleic acid and/or molecular barcode. In some embodiments,sequencing can comprise sequencing at least about 200, 300, 400, 500,600, 700, 800, 900, 1,000 or more nucleotides or base pairs of thelabeled nucleic acid and/or molecular barcode. In some embodiments,sequencing can comprise sequencing at most about 200, 300, 400, 500,600, 700, 800, 900, 1,000 or more nucleotides or base pairs of thelabeled nucleic acid and/or stochastic barcode. In some embodiments,sequencing can comprise sequencing at least about 1,500; 2,000; 3,000;4,000; 5,000; 6,000; 7,000; 8,000; 9,000; or 10,000 or more nucleotidesor base pairs of the labeled nucleic acid and/or stochastic barcode. Insome embodiments, sequencing can comprise sequencing at most about1,500; 2,000; 3,000; 4,000; 5,000; 6,000; 7,000; 8,000; 9,000; or 10,000or more nucleotides or base pairs of the labeled nucleic acid and/ormolecular barcode.

In some embodiments, sequencing can comprise at least about 200, 300,400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1,000 or more sequencing reads per run. Insome embodiments, sequencing can comprise at most about 200, 300, 400,500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1,000 or more sequencing reads per run. In someembodiments, sequencing comprises sequencing at least about 1,500;2,000; 3,000; 4,000; 5,000; 6,000; 7,000; 8,000; 9,000; or 10,000 ormore sequencing reads per run. In some embodiments, sequencing comprisessequencing at most about 1,500; 2,000; 3,000; 4,000; 5,000; 6,000;7,000; 8,000; 9,000; or 10,000 or more sequencing reads per run. In someembodiments, sequencing can comprise sequencing at least 10, 50, 100,150, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 550, 600, 650, 700, 750, 800,850, 900, 950 or 1000 or more millions of sequencing reads per run. Insome embodiments, sequencing can comprise sequencing at most 10, 50,100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 550, 600, 650, 700, 750,800, 850, 900, 950 or 1000 or more millions of sequencing reads per run.In some embodiments, sequencing can comprise sequencing at least 100,200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 1100, 1200, 1300, 1400,1500, 1600, 2000, 3000, 4000, or 5000 or more millions of sequencingreads in total. In some embodiments, sequencing can comprise sequencingat most 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 1100, 1200,1300, 1400, 1500, 1600, 2000, 3000, 4000, or 5000 or more millions ofsequencing reads in total. In some embodiments, sequencing can compriseless than or equal to about 1,600,000,000 sequencing reads per run. Insome embodiments, sequencing can comprise less than or equal to about200,000,000 reads per run.

An exemplary method for labeling a target nucleic acid is illustrated inFIG. 1. As shown, an mRNA molecule 130 can be hybridized to anoligonucleotide 100, which can comprise a binding site for a universalprimer 105, a sample label 110, a molecular label 115, a binding sitefor a second universal primer 120, and an oligo-dT 125. After a reversetranscription step to generate a cDNA 150, a primer 140 thatspecifically binds to the cDNA at a location beyond the target nucleicacid 145 and a universal primer that binds to the binding site 105 areused to amplify the cDNA 150. The amplification product is denatured tosingle-stranded DNA molecules which are circularized by intramolecularligation to produce a circularized DNA molecule 160. Another PCRamplification reaction is conducted using a second universal primer 165and a primer 170 that binds to the circularized DNA molecule 160 at alocation beyond the target nucleic acid 145, to produce a linearizedamplicon 180. The linearized amplicon 180 can be amplified using primers190 and 195 which comprise binding sites for sequencing primers. In someembodiments, the target nucleic acid 145 can be a CDR3 sequence in a Tcell receptor gene.

Methods of Generating Sequencing Library

Some embodiments disclosed herein provide methods of generating asequencing library for a target nucleic acid molecule from a sample. Insome embodiments, the target nucleic acid molecule is a DNA, a cDNA, agenomic DNA, an mRNA, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, thetarget nucleic acid molecule can comprise unknown sequences. In someembodiments, the target nucleic acid molecule can be at least 1,000 nt,at least 2,000 nt, at least 3,000 nt, at least 4,000 nt, at least 5,000nt, at least 6,000 nt, at least 7,000 nt, at least 8,000 nt, at least9,000 nt, at least 10,000 nt, at least 20,000 nt, at least 50,000 nt, atleast 100,000 nt, or more, in length.

Hybridizing an Oligonucleotide with a Target Nucleic Acid Molecule

In some embodiments, a target nucleic acid molecule comprising a targetnucleic acid is hybridized to an oligonucleotide comprising a molecularbarcode. The oligonucleotide can be a variety of lengths, such as about20 nt, about 30 nt, about 40 nt, about 50 nt, about 60 nt, about 70 nt,about 80 nt, about 90 nt, about 100 nt, about 200 nt, or more, or arange between any two of the above values. The molecular barcode cancomprise a molecular label, a sample label, a cellular label, auniversal label, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, theoligonucleotide can comprise a restriction site.

In some embodiments, the oligonucleotide can comprise a binding regionthat specifically binds to a binding site on the target nucleic acidmolecule. The binding site can be, or comprise, a gene-specificsequence, a poly-A sequence, a 5′ sequence, a 3′ sequence, or acombination thereof.

Extension

In some embodiments, the hybridized oligonucleotides can be extendedusing the target nucleic acid molecule as a template. In someembodiments where the nucleic acid molecule is an RNA molecule, theoligonucleotide can be extended using reverse transcription. Reversetranscription of the associated RNA molecule may occur by the additionof a reverse transcriptase. cDNA molecules are generated by the reversetranscription reactions. In some embodiments, a second strand DNA isgenerated using the cDNA molecules as a template. Second strandsynthesis can be performed using a primer that is specific for thetarget nucleic acid molecule.

Amplification of Extension Products

In some embodiments, the extension product, the cDNA from the reversetranscription step or the double-stranded DNA can be used as a templatefor amplification. One or more nucleic acid amplification reactions maybe performed to create multiple copies of the molecular labeled targetnucleic acid molecules. In some embodiments, the amplification can beperformed using a universal primer that binds to a binding site on theoligonucleotide.

Amplification can be performed using a primer that is specific for thetarget nucleic acid molecule. In some embodiments, the extensionproduct, the cDNA from the reverse transcription step or thedouble-stranded DNA can be ligated with an adaptor. In some embodiments,the adaptor can comprise a binding site for a second universal primer.The second universal primer can be used for the amplification of theextension product, the cDNA from the reverse transcription step or thedouble-stranded DNA.

Adaptor sequences can be synthesized using for example, priming sites,the complement of a priming site, and recognition sites forendonucleases, common sequences and promoters. The adaptor can beentirely or substantially double stranded. A double stranded adaptor cancomprise two oligonucleotides that are at least partially complementary.The adaptor can be phosphorylated or unphosphorylated on one or bothstrands. The adaptor can have a double stranded section and a singlestranded overhang section that is completely or partially complementaryto an overhang (e.g., generated by a restriction enzyme, or a polymeraseenzyme). The overhang in the adaptor can be, for example, 4 to 8 bases.For example, when DNA is digested with the restriction enzyme EcoRI, theresulting double stranded fragments are flanked at either end by thesingle stranded overhang 5′-AATT-3′, an adaptor that carries a singlestranded overhang 5′-AATT-3′ can hybridize to the fragment throughcomplementarity between the overhanging regions. This “sticky end”hybridization of the adaptor to the fragment facilitates ligation of theadaptor to the fragment; however, blunt ended ligation is also possible.Blunt ends can be converted to sticky ends using, for example, theexonuclease activity of the Klenow fragment. For example when DNA isdigested with PvuII the blunt ends can be converted to a two base pairoverhang by incubating the fragments with Klenow in the presence of dTTPand dCTP. Overhangs can also be converted to blunt ends by filling in anoverhang or removing an overhang.

Amplification may be performed in a multiplexed manner, wherein multiplenucleic acid sequences are amplified simultaneously. The amplificationreactions may comprise amplifying at least a portion of a sample label,if present. The amplification reactions may comprise amplifying at leasta portion of the cellular and/or molecular label. The amplificationreactions may comprise amplifying at least a portion of a sample tag, acellular label, a spatial label, a molecular label, a target nucleicacid, or a combination thereof. The amplification reactions may compriseamplifying at least 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 15%, 20%,25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%,95%, 97%, or 100% of the plurality of nucleic acids.

In some embodiments, amplification may be performed using a polymerasechain reaction (PCR). As used herein, PCR may refer to a reaction forthe in vitro amplification of specific DNA sequences by the simultaneousprimer extension of complementary strands of DNA. As used herein, PCRmay encompass derivative forms of the reaction, including but notlimited to, RT-PCR, real-time PCR, nested PCR, quantitative PCR,multiplexed PCR, digital PCR, and assembly PCR.

Amplification of the labeled nucleic acids can comprise non-PCR basedmethods. Examples of non-PCR based methods include, but are not limitedto, multiple displacement amplification (MDA), transcription-mediatedamplification (TMA), whole transcriptome amplification (WTA), wholegenome amplification (WGA), nucleic acid sequence-based amplification(NASBA), strand displacement amplification (SDA), real-time SDA, rollingcircle amplification, or circle-to-circle amplification. Othernon-PCR-based amplification methods include multiple cycles ofDNA-dependent RNA polymerase-driven RNA transcription amplification orRNA-directed DNA synthesis and transcription to amplify DNA or RNAtargets, a ligase chain reaction (LCR), and a Qβ replicase (Qβ) method,use of palindromic probes, strand displacement amplification,oligonucleotide-driven amplification using a restriction endonuclease,an amplification method in which a primer is hybridized to a nucleicacid sequence and the resulting duplex is cleaved prior to the extensionreaction and amplification, strand displacement amplification using anucleic acid polymerase lacking 5′ exonuclease activity, rolling circleamplification, and ramification extension amplification (RAM). In someinstances, the amplification may not produce circularized transcripts.

Amplification may comprise use of one or more non-natural nucleotides.Non-natural nucleotides may comprise photolabile or triggerablenucleotides. Examples of non-natural nucleotides can include, but arenot limited to, peptide nucleic acid (PNA), morpholino and lockednucleic acid (LNA), as well as glycol nucleic acid (GNA) and threosenucleic acid (TNA). Non-natural nucleotides may be added to one or morecycles of an amplification reaction. The addition of the non-naturalnucleotides may be used to identify products as specific cycles or timepoints in the amplification reaction.

Conducting the one or more amplification reactions may comprise the useof one or more primers. The one or more primers may comprise at least 1,2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, or 15 or more nucleotides.The one or more primers may comprise at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9,10, 11, 12, 13, 14, or 15 or more nucleotides. The one or more primersmay comprise less than 12-15 nucleotides. The one or more primers mayanneal to at least a portion of the molecular barcoded nucleic acidmolecules. The one or more primers may anneal to the 3′ end or 5′ end ofthe molecular barcoded nucleic acid molecules. The one or more primersmay anneal to an internal region of the molecular barcoded nucleic acidmolecules. The internal region may be at least about 50, 100, 150, 200,220, 230, 240, 250, 260, 270, 280, 290, 300, 310, 320, 330, 340, 350,360, 370, 380, 390, 400, 410, 420, 430, 440, 450, 460, 470, 480, 490,500, 510, 520, 530, 540, 550, 560, 570, 580, 590, 600, 650, 700, 750,800, 850, 900 or 1000 nucleotides from the 3′ ends of the molecularlabeled reference gene(s) and/or spike-in RNA. The one or more primersmay comprise a fixed panel of primers. The one or more primers maycomprise at least one or more customized primers. The one or moreprimers may comprise at least one or more control primers. The one ormore primers may comprise at least one or more gene-specific primers.

The one or more primers may comprise any universal primer of thedisclosure. The universal primer may anneal to a universal primerbinding site. The one or more customized primers may anneal to a firstsample label, a second sample label, a spatial label, a cellular label,a molecular label, a target, or any combination thereof. The one or moreprimers may comprise a universal primer and a customized primer. Thecustomized primer may be designed to amplify the molecular barcodednucleic acid molecules. The one or more primers may comprise at least 96or more customized primers. The one or more primers may comprise atleast 960 or more customized primers. The one or more primers maycomprise at least 9600 or more customized primers. The one or morecustomized primers may anneal to two or more different barcoded nucleicacid molecules. The two or more different barcoded nucleic acidmolecules may correspond to one or more genes.

Fragmentation of Amplification Products

The amplification products can be fragmented to produce a plurality ofnucleic acid fragments. In some embodiments, the fragmentation can bepartial fragmentation, so that fragments of the target nucleic acidmolecule can have different lengths. Fragmentation can be conducted by,for example, sonication, restriction enzyme digestion, or any othersuitable methods. In some embodiments, two or more of the plurality ofnucleic acid fragments have the same 5′ terminus but different 3′terminus. In some embodiments, two or more of the plurality of nucleicacid fragments have the same 3′ terminus but different 5′ terminus. Insome embodiments, each of the plurality of nucleic acid fragments has alength between 50 nt to 10,000 nt. In some embodiments, the plurality ofnucleic acid fragments comprises at least 2 nucleic acid fragments. Insome embodiments, the plurality of nucleic acid fragments comprises atleast 10 nucleic acid fragments. In some embodiments, the plurality ofnucleic acid fragments comprises at least 100 nucleic acid fragments. Insome embodiments, the plurality of nucleic acid fragments comprises atleast 1,000 nucleic acid fragments. In some embodiments, the pluralityof nucleic acid fragments comprises at least 10,000 nucleic acidfragments. In some embodiments, the fragmenting comprises restrictiondigestion of the first plurality of amplicons. In some embodiments, atleast 50% of the plurality of nucleic acid fragments comprises differentlength. In some embodiments, at least 80% of the plurality of nucleicacid fragments comprises different length. In some embodiments, at least90% of the plurality of nucleic acid fragments comprises differentlength.

In some embodiments, the fragments can be subject to purification (e.g.,washing) to remove fragments that do not comprise the molecular barcode.For example, the fragments can be immobilized to a solid support throughthe oligonucleotide, and unbound fragments can be removed.

Circularization of Fragments

In some embodiments, the fragments of the target nucleic acid moleculecan be circularized through, e.g., intramolecular ligation. In someembodiments, the intramolecular ligation can be performed on asingle-stranded DNA. In some embodiments, the intramolecular ligationcan be performed on a double-stranded DNA.

As a result of the intramolecular ligation, circularized nucleic acidmolecules having various sizes are produced.

Amplifying the Circularization Product

As described herein, the circularization product can be amplified toproduce a plurality of amplicons comprising the molecular barcodeassociated with fragments of the target nucleic acid molecule. In someembodiments, the plurality amplicons comprises, or is, linear amplicons.

Amplification can be performed, for example, using a universal primerthat binds to a binding site on the oligonucleotide. In someembodiments, two universal primers that bind to the oligonucleotide inopposite directions can be used to linearize the circulated product.

Amplification may be performed in a multiplexed manner, wherein multiplenucleic acid sequences are amplified simultaneously. The amplificationreactions may comprise amplifying at least a portion of a sample label,if present. The amplification reactions may comprise amplifying at leasta portion of the cellular and/or molecular label. The amplificationreactions may comprise amplifying at least a portion of a sample tag, acellular label, a spatial label, a molecular label, a target nucleicacid, or a combination thereof. The amplification reactions may compriseamplifying at least 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 15%, 20%,25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%,95%, 97%, or 100% of the circularization products. The amplificationreactions may comprise amplifying 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%,10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%,80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 97%, 100%, or a range between any two of thesevalues, of the circularization products.

In some embodiments, the amplification is performed using a polymerasechain reaction (PCR). As used herein, PCR may refer to a reaction forthe in vitro amplification of specific DNA sequences by the simultaneousprimer extension of complementary strands of DNA. As used herein, PCRmay encompass derivative forms of the reaction, including but notlimited to, RT-PCR, real-time PCR, nested PCR, quantitative PCR,multiplexed PCR, digital PCR, and assembly PCR.

Amplification of the labeled nucleic acids can comprise non-PCR basedmethods. Examples of non-PCR based methods include, but are not limitedto, multiple displacement amplification (MDA), transcription-mediatedamplification (TMA), whole transcriptome amplification (WTA), wholegenome amplification (WGA), nucleic acid sequence-based amplification(NASBA), strand displacement amplification (SDA), real-time SDA, rollingcircle amplification, or circle-to-circle amplification. Othernon-PCR-based amplification methods include multiple cycles ofDNA-dependent RNA polymerase-driven RNA transcription amplification orRNA-directed DNA synthesis and transcription to amplify DNA or RNAtargets, a ligase chain reaction (LCR), and a Qβ replicase (Qβ) method,use of palindromic probes, strand displacement amplification,oligonucleotide-driven amplification using a restriction endonuclease,an amplification method in which a primer is hybridized to a nucleicacid sequence and the resulting duplex is cleaved prior to the extensionreaction and amplification, strand displacement amplification using anucleic acid polymerase lacking 5′ exonuclease activity, rolling circleamplification, and ramification extension amplification (RAM). In someinstances, the amplification may not produce circularized transcripts.

Amplification may comprise use of one or more non-natural nucleotides.Non-natural nucleotides may comprise photolabile or triggerablenucleotides. Examples of non-natural nucleotides can include, but arenot limited to, peptide nucleic acid (PNA), morpholino and lockednucleic acid (LNA), as well as glycol nucleic acid (GNA) and threosenucleic acid (TNA). Non-natural nucleotides may be added to one or morecycles of an amplification reaction. The addition of the non-naturalnucleotides may be used to identify products as specific cycles or timepoints in the amplification reaction.

Conducting the one or more amplification reactions may comprise the useof one or more primers. The one or more primers may comprise at least 1,2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, or 15 or more nucleotides.The one or more primers may comprise at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9,10, 11, 12, 13, 14, or 15 or more nucleotides. The one or more primersmay comprise less than 12-15 nucleotides. The one or more primers mayanneal to at least a portion of the molecular barcoded nucleic acidmolecules. The one or more primers may anneal to an internal region ofthe circularization product. The one or more primers may comprise atleast one or more customized primers. The one or more primers maycomprise at least one or more control primers. The one or more primersmay comprise at least one or more gene-specific primers.

The one or more primers may comprise any universal primer of thedisclosure. The universal primer may anneal to a universal primerbinding site. The one or more customized primers may anneal to a firstsample label, a second sample label, a spatial label, a cellular label,a molecular label, a target, or any combination thereof. The one or moreprimers may comprise a universal primer and a customized primer. Thecustomized primer may be designed to amplify the circularizationproduct. The one or more primers may comprise at least 96 or morecustomized primers. The one or more primers may comprise at least 960 ormore customized primers. The one or more primers may comprise at least9600 or more customized primers. The one or more customized primers mayanneal to two or more different circularization product. The two or moredifferent circularization product may correspond to one or more genes.

Any amplification scheme can be used in the methods of the presentdisclosure. For example, in one scheme, the first round PCR can amplifymolecules (e.g., attached to the bead) using a gene specific primer anda primer against the universal Illumina sequencing primer 1 sequence.The second round of PCR can amplify the first PCR products using anested gene specific primer flanked by Illumina sequencing primer 2sequence, and a primer against the universal Illumina sequencing primer1 sequence. The third round of PCR adds P5 and P7 and sample index toturn PCR products into an Illumina sequencing library. Sequencing using150 bp×2 sequencing can reveal the cell label and molecular index onread 1, the gene on read 2, and the sample index on index 1 read.

Amplification can be performed in one or more rounds. In some instancesthere are multiple rounds of amplification. Amplification can comprisetwo or more rounds of amplification. The first amplification can be anextension to generate the gene specific region. The second amplificationcan occur when a sample nucleic hybridizes to the newly generatedstrand.

Sequencing

The amplicons comprising the molecular barcode associated with fragmentsof the target nucleic acid molecule (for example, the linear amplicons)can be subject to sequencing reactions to determine the target nucleicacid sequence, the molecular barcode or part thereof, or both. Anysuitable sequencing method known in the art can be used, preferablyhigh-throughput approaches. For example, cyclic array sequencing usingplatforms such as Roche 454, Illumina Solexa, ABI-SOLiD, ION Torrent,Complete Genomics, Pacific Bioscience, Helicos, or the Polonatorplatform, may also be utilized. Sequencing may comprise MiSeqsequencing. Sequencing may comprise HiSeq sequencing.

In some embodiments, sequencing can comprise sequencing at least about10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100 or more nucleotides or basepairs of the labeled nucleic acid and/or molecular barcode. In someembodiments, sequencing can comprise sequencing at most about 10, 20,30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100 or more nucleotides or base pairs of thelabeled nucleic acid and/or molecular barcode. In some embodiments,sequencing can comprise sequencing at least about 200, 300, 400, 500,600, 700, 800, 900, 1,000 or more nucleotides or base pairs of thelabeled nucleic acid and/or molecular barcode. In some embodiments,sequencing can comprise sequencing at most about 200, 300, 400, 500,600, 700, 800, 900, 1,000 or more nucleotides or base pairs of thelabeled nucleic acid and/or stochastic barcode. In some embodiments,sequencing can comprise sequencing at least about 1,500; 2,000; 3,000;4,000; 5,000; 6,000; 7,000; 8,000; 9,000; or 10,000 or more nucleotidesor base pairs of the labeled nucleic acid and/or stochastic barcode. Insome embodiments, sequencing can comprise sequencing at most about1,500; 2,000; 3,000; 4,000; 5,000; 6,000; 7,000; 8,000; 9,000; or 10,000or more nucleotides or base pairs of the labeled nucleic acid and/ormolecular barcode.

In some embodiments, sequencing can comprise at least about 200, 300,400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1,000 or more sequencing reads per run. Insome embodiments, sequencing can comprise at most about 200, 300, 400,500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1,000 or more sequencing reads per run. In someembodiments, sequencing comprises sequencing at least about 1,500;2,000; 3,000; 4,000; 5,000; 6,000; 7,000; 8,000; 9,000; or 10,000 ormore sequencing reads per run. In some embodiments, sequencing comprisessequencing at most about 1,500; 2,000; 3,000; 4,000; 5,000; 6,000;7,000; 8,000; 9,000; or 10,000 or more sequencing reads per run. In someembodiments, sequencing can comprise sequencing at least 10, 50, 100,150, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 550, 600, 650, 700, 750, 800,850, 900, 950 or 1000 or more millions of sequencing reads per run. Insome embodiments, sequencing can comprise sequencing at most 10, 50,100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 550, 600, 650, 700, 750,800, 850, 900, 950 or 1000 or more millions of sequencing reads per run.In some embodiments, sequencing can comprise sequencing at least 100,200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 1100, 1200, 1300, 1400,1500, 1600, 2000, 3000, 4000, or 5000 or more millions of sequencingreads in total. In some embodiments, sequencing can comprise sequencingat most 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 1100, 1200,1300, 1400, 1500, 1600, 2000, 3000, 4000, or 5000 or more millions ofsequencing reads in total. In some embodiments, sequencing can compriseless than or equal to about 1,600,000,000 sequencing reads per run. Insome embodiments, sequencing can comprise less than or equal to about200,000,000 reads per run.

FIG. 2 shows a schematic illustration of an exemplary method to producea sequencing library of a target nucleic acid molecule. In a first step,a cDNA is produced by reverse transcription of an mRNA molecule using anoligonucleotide 205 comprising a restriction site, a binding site for auniversal primer 215, a sample label, a molecular label, a binding sitefor a second universal primer 235, a binding site for a third universalprimer 240, and a poly dT. A adaptor 210 having a binding site forprimer 220 is ligated to the cDNA. Universal primers 215 and 220 areused to amplify the cDNA to produce a plurality of amplicons. Theplurality of amplicons is partially digested to produce fragments ofvarying sizes, which are ligated to produce a plurality of circularizedproducts 230 having different sizes. Inverse PCR using universal primers235 and 240 is used to produce a plurality of linearized amplicons 245.PCR reaction using universal primer 235 and random primer 250 is used togenerate a second plurality of amplicons 260. Universal primers 265 and270 are used to amplify the second plurality of amplicons 260 togenerate a sequencing library.

Compositions for Generating Sequencing Library

Some embodiments disclosed herein provide composition for generating asequencing library for a plurality of nucleic acid molecules of asample. In some embodiments, the compositions can comprise a pluralityof oligonucleotides, wherein each of the plurality of oligonucleotidescomprises from 5′ to 3′: a molecular label, a sample label, a bindingsite for a sequencing primer and a target-specific region thatspecifically binds to a nucleic acid molecule. In some embodiments, thebinding site for the sequencing primer is oriented in the oppositedirection of the oligonucleotide. In some embodiments, each of theplurality of oligonucleotides comprises a restriction enzyme recognitionsite 5′ to the molecular label. In some embodiments, each of theplurality of oligonucleotides comprises a binding site for a universalprimer 5′ to the molecular label. In some embodiments, theoligonucleotide can further comprise a binding site for a seconduniversal primer 3′ to the binding site for the sequencing primer, andoriented in the opposite direction of the binding site for thesequencing primer. An exemplary oligonucleotide has the followingsequence: 3′ VTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTGCTGCGAGAAGGCTAGANNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNCGCTAGCGGTTACAGGAGGTCTGGAGGACATTGGCGAT 5′ (SEQ ID NO:1), wherein the “V”represents A, G or C, the “NNNNNNNN” at nucleotides 37-44 represents thesequence for the sample label, the “NNNNNNNN” at nucleotides 45-52represents the sequence for the molecular label, the “CGCTAGCG” is anAsiSI restriction site. Another exemplary oligonucleotide has thefollowing sequence: 3′TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTGCTGCGAGAAGGCTAGANNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNCGCTAGCGGTTACAGGAGGTCTGGAGGACATTGGCGAT 5′ (SEQ ID NO:2), wherein the“NNNNNNNN” at nucleotides 37-44 represents the sequence for the samplelabel, the “NNNNNNNN” at nucleotides 45-52 represents the sequence forthe molecular label, the “CGCTAGCG” is an AsiSI restriction site.

Kits

Some embodiments disclosed herein provide kits for generating asequencing library for a plurality of nucleic acid molecules of asample, comprising a plurality of oligonucleotides as disclosed herein,and an enzyme. In some embodiments, each of the plurality ofoligonucleotides comprises from 5′ to 3′: a molecular label, a samplelabel, a binding site for a sequencing primer and a target-specificregion that specifically binds to a nucleic acid molecule. In someembodiments, the binding site for the sequencing primer is oriented inthe opposite direction of the oligonucleotide. In some embodiments, eachof the plurality of oligonucleotides comprises a restriction enzymerecognition site 5′ to the molecular label. In some embodiments, each ofthe plurality of oligonucleotides comprises a binding site for auniversal primer 5′ to the molecular label. In some embodiments, theoligonucleotide can further comprise a binding site for a seconduniversal primer 3′ to the binding site for the sequencing primer, andoriented in the opposite direction of the binding site for thesequencing primer. In some embodiments, enzyme is selected from thegroup consisting of a ligase, a restriction enzyme, a DNA polymerase, areverse transcriptase, an RNase, or any combination thereof.

The kit can, in some embodiments, comprise one or more substrates (e.g.,microwell array, Pixel device), either as a free-standing substrate (orchip) comprising one or more microwell arrays, or packaged within one ormore flow-cells or cartridges. The kits can comprise one or more solidsupport suspensions, wherein the individual solid supports within asuspension comprise a plurality of attached stochastic barcodes of thedisclosure. The kits can comprise stochastic barcodes that may not beattached to a solid support. In some embodiments, the kit may furthercomprise a mechanical fixture for mounting a free-standing substrate inorder to create reaction wells that facilitate the pipetting of samplesand reagents into the substrate. The kit may further comprise reagents,e.g. lysis buffers, rinse buffers, or hybridization buffers, forperforming the stochastic barcoding assay. The kit may further comprisereagents (e.g. enzymes, primers, dNTPs, NTPs, RNAse inhibitors, orbuffers) for performing nucleic acid extension reactions, for example,reverse transcription reactions and primer extension reactions. The kitmay further comprise reagents (e.g. enzymes, universal primers,sequencing primers, target-specific primers, or buffers) for performingamplification reactions to prepare sequencing libraries.

The kit can, in some embodiments, comprise sequencing libraryamplification primers of the disclosure. The kit may comprise a secondstrand synthesis primer of the disclosure. The kit can comprise anyprimers of the disclosure (e.g., gene-specific primers, randommultimers, sequencing primers, and universal primers).

The kit can, in some embodiments, comprise one or more molds, forexample, molds comprising an array of micropillars, for castingsubstrates (e.g., microwell arrays), and one or more solid supports(e.g., bead), wherein the individual beads within a suspension comprisea plurality of attached stochastic barcodes of the disclosure. The kitmay further comprise a material for use in casting substrates (e.g.agarose, a hydrogel, PDMS, optical adhesive. and the like).

The kit can, in some embodiments, comprise one or more substrates thatare pre-loaded with solid supports comprising a plurality of attachedstochastic barcodes of the disclosure. In some instances, there can beone solid support per microwell of the substrate. In some embodiments,the plurality of stochastic barcodes may be attached directly to asurface of the substrate, rather than to a solid support. In any ofthese embodiments, the one or more microwell arrays can be provided inthe form of free-standing substrates (or chips), or they may be packedin flow-cells or cartridges.

In some embodiments, the kit can comprise one or more cartridges thatincorporate one or more substrates. In some embodiments, the one or morecartridges further comprises one or more pre-loaded solid supports,wherein the individual solid supports within a suspension comprise aplurality of attached stochastic barcodes of the disclosure. In someembodiments, the beads can be pre-distributed into the one or moremicrowell arrays of the cartridge. In some embodiments, the beads, inthe form of suspensions, can be pre-loaded and stored within reagentwells of the cartridge. In some embodiments, the one or more cartridgesmay further comprise other assay reagents that are pre-loaded and storedwithin reagent reservoirs of the cartridges.

Kits can generally include instructions for carrying out one or more ofthe methods described herein. Instructions included in kits can beaffixed to packaging material or can be included as a package insert.While the instructions are typically written or printed materials theyare not limited to such. Any medium capable of storing such instructionsand communicating them to an end user is contemplated by the disclosure.Such media can include, but are not limited to, electronic storage media(e.g., magnetic discs, tapes, cartridges, chips), optical media (e.g.,CD ROM), RF tags, and the like. As used herein, the term “instructions”can include the address of an internet site that provides theinstructions.

The kit can comprise the device as described in U.S. application Ser.No. 14/508,911 is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety.

The kit can comprise one or more of the rFit User Guide, SDS for kitreagents, rFit RT Primer Mix, 10 mM Tris HCl, pH 8.0, rFit 2×RT ReactionMix, rFit RT Enzyme Mix, Spike-in RNA control 1 ng/μL, rFit 2×PCR MasterMix, rFit PCR Primer Mix, Spike-In PCR Primer Mix, Hybridization BufferMix, A 16-well detector cartridge with adhesive cover, or anycombination thereof.

The kit may require the user to provide certain reagents. For example,the user may need to provide reagents such as: RNase-free water (Ambion,cat no. AM9932), Wash A (Affymetrix, cat no. 900721), Wash B(Affymetrix, cat no. 900722), and Lens Paper (Tiffen, cat no. 1546027T), or any combination thereof.

The user may need to provide consumables such as RNase-free filterpipette tips (Rainin), 0.2 mL PCR tubes, and 1.5 mL microcentrifugetubes, or any combination thereof.

The user may need to provide equipment such as: Pipettes (1 μL-1000 μLvolume capability), Microcentrifuge for 1.5-2.0 mL tubes,Microcentrifuge for 0.2 mL reaction tubes, Vortexer, Thermal cycler withheated lid, Microplate Incubator/Hybridization Oven (MiuLab, cat no.MT70-2, joyfay.com), and CR Imager (Cellular Research), or anycombination thereof.

Sequencing Libraries

Some embodiments disclosed herein provide sequencing libraries for anucleic acid molecule from a sample comprising a plurality of amplicons,wherein each of the plurality of amplicons comprises from 5′ to 3′: abinding site for a first sequencing primer, a molecular label, afragment of the nucleic acid molecule and a binding site for a secondsequencing primer. In some embodiments, each of the plurality ofamplicons comprises the same molecular label. In some embodiments, thefragments of the nucleic acid molecule of the plurality of ampliconscover the entire length of the nucleic acid molecule.

In some embodiments, each of the plurality of amplicons comprises asample label. In some embodiments, each of the plurality of ampliconscomprises the same sample label. In some embodiments, the plurality ofamplicons comprises an average size of 250 nt. In some embodiments, theplurality of amplicons comprises an average size of 500 nt. In someembodiments, the nucleic acid molecule has a length of at least 1,500nt. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid molecule has a length of atleast 3,000 nt. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid molecule has alength of at least 5,000 nt. In some embodiments, the sample comprises asingle cell. In some embodiments, the sequencing libraries comprise atleast 10 amplicons. In some embodiments, the sequencing librariescomprise at least 20 amplicons. In some embodiments, the sequencinglibraries comprise at least 50 amplicons. In some embodiments, thesequencing libraries comprise at least 100 amplicons. In someembodiments, the sequencing libraries comprise at least 200 amplicons.In some embodiments, the sequencing libraries comprise at least 500amplicons. In some embodiments, at least two of the fragments of thenucleic acid molecule overlap with each other. In some embodiments, theat least two of the fragments of the nucleic acid molecule overlap witheach other by at least 8 nt. In some embodiments, the at least two ofthe fragments of the nucleic acid molecule overlap with each other by atleast 10 nt. In some embodiments, the at least two of the fragments ofthe nucleic acid molecule overlap with each other by at least 12 nt. Insome embodiments, the at least two of the fragments of the nucleic acidmolecule overlap with each other by at least 14 nt.

FIG. 3 shows a schematic illustration of an exemplary sequencinglibrary. An oligonucleotide is used to generate a cDNA 305. An adaptor310 is ligated to the cDNA 305. Following amplification, fragmentation,circularization and amplification steps as shown in FIG. 2, a sequencinglibrary comprising overlapping fragments of the cDNA 305 and flanked bysequencing primer binding sites 315 and 320 is generated. Non-limitingExemplary sequencing primers are:5′-AATGATACGGCGACCACCGAGATCTACACTCTTTCCCTACACGACGCTCTTCCGA TCT-3′ (SEQID NO:3) and 5′-CAAGCAGAAGACGGCATACGAGATIGTGACTGGAGTTCAGACGTGTGCTCTTCCGATCT-3′ (SEQ ID NO:4).

Methods of Analyzing Sequencing Reads

Some embodiments disclosed herein provide methods for analyzing thesequencing reads of the sequencing libraries disclosed herein. In someembodiments, sequencing reads that contain proper sample labels aresorted into corresponding ‘bins’ to sort sequencings reads from the samesample origin. Within each sample, sequencing reads with the samemolecular label are mapped either to the whole transcriptome or a set ofexpected target sequences. Sequencing reads that map to the same gene ortarget with the same molecular label are likely from the same originaltarget nucleic acid molecule, such as an mRNA, hence a computationalanalysis can be performed to 1) count the number of molecular labelsfound per gene for gene expression profiling; and/or 2) assemble smallfragment reads that map to the same gene/transcript and molecular labelto determine the full length sequence, partial sequence, and/or splicevariants.

Samples Cells

A sample for use in the method, compositions, systems, and kits of thedisclosure can comprise one or more cells. In some embodiments, thecells are cancer cells excised from a cancerous tissue, for example,breast cancer, lung cancer, colon cancer, prostate cancer, ovariancancer, pancreatic cancer, brain cancer, melanoma and non-melanoma skincancers, and the like. In some instances, the cells are derived from acancer but collected from a bodily fluid (e.g. circulating tumor cells).Non-limiting examples of cancers can include, adenoma, adenocarcinoma,squamous cell carcinoma, basal cell carcinoma, small cell carcinoma,large cell undifferentiated carcinoma, chondrosarcoma, and fibrosarcoma.

In some embodiments, the cells are cells that have been infected withvirus and contain viral oligonucleotides. In some embodiments, the viralinfection can be caused by a virus selected from the group consisting ofdouble-stranded DNA viruses (e.g. adenoviruses, herpes viruses, poxviruses), single-stranded (+ strand or “sense”) DNA viruses (e.g.parvoviruses), double-stranded RNA viruses (e.g. reoviruses),single-stranded (+ strand or sense) RNA viruses (e.g. picornaviruses,togaviruses), single-stranded (− strand or antisense) RNA viruses (e.g.orthomyxoviruses, rhabdoviruses), single-stranded ((+ strand or sense)RNA viruses with a DNA intermediate in their life-cycle) RNA-RT viruses(e.g. retroviruses), and double-stranded DNA-RT viruses (e.g.hepadnaviruses). Exemplary viruses can include, but are not limited to,SARS, HIV, coronaviruses, Ebola, Malaria, Dengue, Hepatitis C, HepatitisB, and Influenza.

In some embodiments, the cells are bacterial cells. These can includecells from gram-positive bacterial and/or gram-negative bacteria.Examples of bacteria that may be analyzed using the disclosed methods,devices, and systems include, but are not limited to, Actinomedurae,Actinomyces israelii, Bacillus anthracis, Bacillus cereus, Clostridiumbotulinum, Clostridium difficile, Clostridium perfringens, Clostridiumtetani, Corynebacterium, Enterococcus faecalis, Listeria monocytogenes,Nocardia, Propionibacterium acnes, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcusepiderm, Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus pneumoniae and the like.Gram negative bacteria include, but are not limited to, Afipia felis,Bacteroides, Bartonella bacilliformis, Bortadella pertussis, Borreliaburgdorferi, Borrelia recurrentis, Brucella, Calymmatobacteriumgranulomatis, Campylobacter, Escherichia coli, Francisella tularensis,Gardnerella vaginalis, Haemophilius aegyptius, Haemophilius ducreyi,Haemophilius influenziae, Heliobacter pylori, Legionella pneumophila,Leptospira interrogans, Neisseria meningitidia, Porphyromonasgingivalis, Providencia sturti, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonellaenteridis, Salmonella typhi, Serratia marcescens, Shigella boydii,Streptobacillus moniliformis, Streptococcus pyogenes, Treponemapallidum, Vibrio cholerae, Yersinia enterocolitica, Yersinia pestis andthe like. Other bacteria may include Myobacterium avium, Myobacteriumleprae, Myobacterium tuberculosis, Bartonella henseiae, Chlamydiapsittaci, Chlamydia trachomatis, Coxiella burnetii, Mycoplasmapneumoniae, Rickettsia akari, Rickettsia prowazekii, Rickettsiarickettsii, Rickettsia tsutsugamushi, Rickettsia typhi, Ureaplasmaurealyticum, Diplococcus pneumoniae, Ehrlichia chafensis, Enterococcusfaecium, Meningococci and the like.

In some embodiments, the cells are cells from fungi. Non-limitingexamples of fungi that may be analyzed using the disclosed methods,devices, and systems include, but are not limited to, Aspergilli,Candidae, Candida albicans, Coccidioides immitis, Cryptococci, andcombinations thereof.

In some embodiments, the cells are cells from protozoans or otherparasites. Examples of parasites to be analyzed using the methods,devices, and systems of the present disclosure include, but are notlimited to, Balantidium coli, Cryptosporidium parvum, Cyclosporacayatanensis, Encephalitozoa, Entamoeba histolytica, Enterocytozoonbieneusi, Giardia lamblia, Leishmaniae, Plasmodii, Toxoplasma gondii,Trypanosomae, trapezoidal amoeba, worms (e.g., helminthes), particularlyparasitic worms including, but not limited to, Nematoda (roundworms,e.g., whipworms, hookworms, pinworms, ascarids, filarids and the like),Cestoda (e.g., tapeworms).

As used herein, the term “cell” can refer to one or more cells. In someembodiments, the cells are normal cells, for example, human cells indifferent stages of development, or human cells from different organs ortissue types (e.g. white blood cells, red blood cells, platelets,epithelial cells, endothelial cells, neurons, glial cells, fibroblasts,skeletal muscle cells, smooth muscle cells, gametes, or cells from theheart, lungs, brain, liver, kidney, spleen, pancreas, thymus, bladder,stomach, colon, small intestine). In some embodiments, the cells can beundifferentiated human stem cells, or human stem cells that have beeninduced to differentiate. In some embodiments, the cells can be fetalhuman cells. The fetal human cells can be obtained from a motherpregnant with the fetus. In some embodiments, the cells are rare cells.A rare cell can be, for example, a circulating tumor cell (CTC),circulating epithelial cell, circulating endothelial cell, circulatingendometrial cell, circulating stem cell, stem cell, undifferentiatedstem cell, cancer stem cell, bone marrow cell, progenitor cell, foamcell, mesenchymal cell, trophoblast, immune system cell (host or graft),cellular fragment, cellular organelle (e.g. mitochondria or nuclei),pathogen infected cell, and the like.

In some embodiments, the cells are non-human cells, for example, othertypes of mammalian cells (e.g. mouse, rat, pig, dog, cow, or horse). Insome embodiments, the cells are other types of animal or plant cells. Insome embodiments, the cells can be any prokaryotic or eukaryotic cells.

In some embodiments, a first cell sample is obtained from a person nothaving a disease or condition, and a second cell sample is obtained froma person having the disease or condition. In some embodiments, thepersons are different. In some embodiments, the persons are the same butcell samples are taken at different time points. In some embodiments,the persons are patients, and the cell samples are patient samples. Thedisease or condition can be a cancer, a bacterial infection, a viralinfection, an inflammatory disease, a neurodegenerative disease, afungal disease, a parasitic disease, a genetic disorder, or anycombination thereof.

In some embodiments, cells suitable for use in the presently disclosedmethods can range in size, for example ranging from about 2 micrometersto about 100 micrometers in diameter. In some embodiments, the cells canhave diameters of at least 2 micrometers, at least 5 micrometers, atleast 10 micrometers, at least 15 micrometers, at least 20 micrometers,at least 30 micrometers, at least 40 micrometers, at least 50micrometers, at least 60 micrometers, at least 70 micrometers, at least80 micrometers, at least 90 micrometers, or at least 100 micrometers. Insome embodiments, the cells can have diameters of at most 100micrometers, at most 90 micrometers, at most 80 micrometers, at most 70micrometers, at most 60 micrometers, at most 50 micrometers, at most 40micrometers, at most 30 micrometers, at most 20 micrometers, at most 15micrometers, at most 10 micrometers, at most 5 micrometers, or at most 2micrometers. The cells can have a diameter of any value within a range,for example from about 5 micrometers to about 85 micrometers. In someembodiments, the cells have diameters of about 10 micrometers.

In some embodiments, the cells are sorted prior to associating one ormore of the cells with a bead and/or in a microwell. For example thecells can be sorted by fluorescence-activated cell sorting ormagnetic-activated cell sorting, or e.g., by flow cytometry. The cellscan be filtered by size. In some instances a retentate contains thecells to be associated with the bead. In some instances the flow throughcontains the cells to be associated with the bead.

Molecular Barcodes

A molecular barcode can refer to a polynucleotide sequence that may beused to stochastically label (e.g., barcode, tag) a target. A molecularbarcode can comprise one or more labels. Exemplary labels include, butare not limited to, a universal label, a cellular label, a molecularlabel, a sample label, a plate label, a spatial label, and/or apre-spatial label. A molecular barcode can comprise a 5′ amine that maylink the molecular barcode to a solid support. The molecular barcode cancomprise one or more of a universal label, a cellular label, and amolecular label. The universal label may be 5′-most label. The molecularlabel may be the 3′-most label. In some instances, the universal label,the cellular label, and the molecular label are in any order. Themolecular barcode can comprise a target-binding region. Thetarget-binding region can interact with a target (e.g., target nucleicacid, RNA, mRNA, DNA) in a sample. For example, a target-binding regioncan comprise an oligo dT sequence which can interact with poly-A tailsof mRNAs. In some instances, the labels of the molecular barcode (e.g.,universal label, dimension label, spatial label, cellular label, andmolecular label) may be separated by 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11,12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20 or more nucleotides.

A molecular barcode can, in some embodiments, comprise one or moreuniversal labels. The one or more universal labels may be the same forall stochastic barcodes in the set of stochastic barcodes (e.g.,attached to a given solid support). In some embodiments, the one or moreuniversal labels may be the same for all molecular barcodes attached toa plurality of beads. In some embodiments, a universal label maycomprise a nucleic acid sequence that is capable of hybridizing to asequencing primer. Sequencing primers may be used for sequencingmolecular barcodes comprising a universal label. Sequencing primers(e.g., universal sequencing primers) may comprise sequencing primersassociated with high-throughput sequencing platforms. In someembodiments, a universal label may comprise a nucleic acid sequence thatis capable of hybridizing to a PCR primer. In some embodiments, theuniversal label may comprise a nucleic acid sequence that is capable ofhybridizing to a sequencing primer and a PCR primer. The nucleic acidsequence of the universal label that is capable of hybridizing to asequencing or PCR primer may be referred to as a primer binding site. Auniversal label may comprise a sequence that may be used to initiatetranscription of the stochastic barcode. A universal label may comprisea sequence that may be used for extension of the stochastic barcode or aregion within the stochastic barcode. A universal label may be at leastabout 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50 or morenucleotides in length. A universal label may comprise at least about 10nucleotides. A universal label may be at most about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 10,15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50 or more nucleotides in length. In someembodiments, a cleavable linker or modified nucleotide may be part ofthe universal label sequence to enable the molecular barcode to becleaved off from the support. As used herein, a universal label can beused interchangeably with “universal PCR primer.”

A molecular barcode can comprise a dimension label. A dimension labelcan comprise a nucleic acid sequence that provides information about adimension in which the stochastic labeling occurred. For example, adimension label can provide information about the time at which a targetwas stochastically barcoded. A dimension label can be associated with atime of stochastic barcoding in a sample. A dimension label canactivated at the time of molecular labeling. Different dimension labelscan be activated at different times. The dimension label providesinformation about the order in which targets, groups of targets, and/orsamples were stochastically barcoded. For example, a population of cellscan be stochastically barcoded at the G0 phase of the cell cycle. Thecells can be pulsed again with stochastic barcodes at the G1 phase ofthe cell cycle. The cells can be pulsed again with stochastic barcodesat the S phase of the cell cycle, and so on. Stochastic barcodes at eachpulse (e.g., each phase of the cell cycle), can comprise differentdimension labels. In this way, the dimension label provides informationabout which targets were labelled at which phase of the cell cycle.Dimension labels can interrogate many different biological times.Exemplary biological times can include, but are not limited to, the cellcycle, transcription (e.g., transcription initiation), and transcriptdegradation. In another example, a sample (e.g., a cell, a population ofcells) can be stochastically labeled before and/or after treatment witha drug and/or therapy. The changes in the number of copies of distincttargets can be indicative of the sample's response to the drug and/ortherapy.

A dimension label can be activatable. An activatable dimension label canbe activated at a specific timepoint. The activatable dimension labelmay be constitutively activated (e.g., not turned off). The activatabledimension label can be reversibly activated (e.g., the activatabledimension label can be turned on and turned off). The dimension labelcan be reversibly activatable at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10or more times. The dimension label can be reversibly activatable atleast 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 or more times. The dimensionlabel can be activated with fluorescence, light, a chemical event (e.g.,cleavage, ligation of another molecule, addition of modifications (e.g.,pegylated, sumoylated, acetylated, methylated, deacetylated,demethylated), a photochemical event (e.g., photocaging, photocleavage),and introduction of a non-natural nucleotide.

The dimension label can be identical for all molecular barcodes attachedto a given solid support (e.g., bead), but different for different solidsupports (e.g., beads). In some embodiments, at least 60%, 70%, 80%,85%, 90%, 95%, 97%, 99% or 100% of molecular barcodes on the same solidsupport may comprise the same dimension label. In some embodiments, atleast 60% of molecular barcodes on the same solid support may comprisethe same dimension label. In some embodiments, at least 95% of molecularbarcodes on the same solid support may comprise the same dimensionlabel.

There may be as many as 10⁶ or more unique dimension label sequencesrepresented in a plurality of solid supports (e.g., beads). A dimensionlabel may be at least about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40,45, 50 or more nucleotides in length. A dimension label may be at mostabout 300, 200, 100, 90, 80, 70, 60, 50, 40, 30, 20, 15, 12, 10, 9, 8,7, 6, 5, 4 or fewer or more nucleotides in length. A dimension label maycomprise from about 5 to about 200 nucleotides. A dimension label maycomprise from about 10 to about 150 nucleotides. A dimension label maycomprise from about 20 to about 125 nucleotides in length.

A molecular barcode can comprise a spatial label. A spatial label cancomprise a nucleic acid sequence that provides information about thespatial orientation of a target molecule which is associated with thestochastic barcode. A spatial label can be associated with a coordinatein a sample. The coordinate can be a fixed coordinate. For example acoordinate can be fixed in reference to a substrate. A spatial label canbe in reference to a two or three-dimensional grid. A coordinate can befixed in reference to a landmark. The landmark can be identifiable inspace. A landmark can a structure which can be imaged. A landmark can bea biological structure, for example an anatomical landmark. A landmarkcan be a cellular landmark, for instance an organelle. A landmark can bea non-natural landmark such as a structure with an identifiableidentifier such as a color code, bar code, magnetic property,fluorescents, radioactivity, or a unique size or shape. A spatial labelcan be associated with a physical partition (e.g. a well, a container,or a droplet). In some instances, multiple spatial labels are usedtogether to encode one or more positions in space.

The spatial label can be identical for all stochastic barcodes attachedto a given solid support (e.g., bead), but different for different solidsupports (e.g., beads). In some embodiments, at least 60%, 70%, 80%,85%, 90%, 95%, 97%, 99% or 100% of molecular barcodes on the same solidsupport may comprise the same spatial label. In some embodiments, atleast 60% of stochastic barcodes on the same solid support may comprisethe same spatial label. In some embodiments, at least 95% of molecularbarcodes on the same solid support may comprise the same spatial label.

There may be as many as 10⁶ or more unique spatial label sequencesrepresented in a plurality of solid supports (e.g., beads). A spatiallabel may be at least about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40,45, 50 or more nucleotides in length. A spatial label may be at mostabout 300, 200, 100, 90, 80, 70, 60, 50, 40, 30, 20, 15, 12, 10, 9, 8,7, 6, 5, 4 or fewer or more nucleotides in length. A spatial label maycomprise from about 5 to about 200 nucleotides. A spatial label maycomprise from about 10 to about 150 nucleotides. A spatial label maycomprise from about 20 to about 125 nucleotides in length.

Molecular barcodes may comprise a cellular label. A cellular label maycomprise a nucleic acid sequence that provides information fordetermining which target nucleic acid originated from which cell. Insome embodiments, the cellular label is identical for all stochasticbarcodes attached to a given solid support (e.g., bead), but differentfor different solid supports (e.g., beads). In some embodiments, atleast 60%, 70%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 97%, 99% or 100% of stochasticbarcodes on the same solid support may comprise the same cellular label.In some embodiments, at least 60% of stochastic barcodes on the samesolid support may comprise the same cellular label. In some embodiment,at least 95% of molecular barcodes on the same solid support maycomprise the same cellular label.

There may be as many as 10⁶ or more unique cellular label sequencesrepresented in a plurality of solid supports (e.g., beads). A cellularlabel may be at least about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40,45, 50 or more nucleotides in length. A cellular label may be at mostabout 300, 200, 100, 90, 80, 70, 60, 50, 40, 30, 20, 15, 12, 10, 9, 8,7, 6, 5, 4 or fewer or more nucleotides in length. A cellular label maycomprise from about 5 to about 200 nucleotides. A cellular label maycomprise from about 10 to about 150 nucleotides. A cellular label maycomprise from about 20 to about 125 nucleotides in length.

Molecular barcodes may comprise a molecular label. A molecular label maycomprise a nucleic acid sequence that provides identifying informationfor the specific type of target nucleic acid species hybridized to thestochastic barcode. A molecular label may comprise a nucleic acidsequence that provides a counter for the specific occurrence of thetarget nucleic acid species hybridized to the stochastic barcode (e.g.,target-binding region). In some embodiments, a diverse set of molecularlabels are attached to a given solid support (e.g., bead). In someembodiments, there may be as many as 10⁶ or more unique molecular labelsequences attached to a given solid support (e.g., bead). In someembodiments, there may be as many as 10⁵ or more unique molecular labelsequences attached to a given solid support (e.g., bead). In someembodiments, there may be as many as 10⁴ or more unique molecular labelsequences attached to a given solid support (e.g., bead). In someembodiments, there may be as many as 10³ or more unique molecular labelsequences attached to a given solid support (e.g., bead). In someembodiments, there may be as many as 10² or more unique molecular labelsequences attached to a given solid support (e.g., bead). A molecularlabel may be at least about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40,45, 50 or more nucleotides in length. A molecular label may be at mostabout 300, 200, 100, 90, 80, 70, 60, 50, 40, 30, 20, 15, 12, 10, 9, 8,7, 6, 5, 4 or fewer nucleotides in length.

Molecular barcodes may comprise a target binding region. In someembodiments, the target binding regions may comprise a nucleic acidsequence that hybridizes specifically to a target (e.g., target nucleicacid, target molecule, e.g., a cellular nucleic acid to be analyzed),for example to a specific gene sequence. In some embodiments, a targetbinding region may comprise a nucleic acid sequence that may attach(e.g., hybridize) to a specific location of a specific target nucleicacid. In some embodiments, the target binding region may comprise anucleic acid sequence that is capable of specific hybridization to arestriction site overhang (e.g. an EcoRI sticky-end overhang). Themolecular barcode may then ligate to any nucleic acid moleculecomprising a sequence complementary to the restriction site overhang.

A molecular barcode can comprise a target-binding region. Atarget-binding region can hybridize with a target of interest. Forexample, a target-binding region can comprise an oligo dT which canhybridize with mRNAs comprising poly-adenylated ends. A target-bindingregion can be gene-specific. For example, a target-binding region can beconfigured to hybridize to a specific region of a target. Atarget-binding region can be at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11,12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26 27, 28, 29,or 30 or more nucleotides in length. A target-binding region can be atmost 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19,20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26 27, 28, 29, or 30 or more nucleotides inlength. A target-binding region can be from 5-30 nucleotides in length.When a stochastic barcode comprises a gene-specific target-bindingregion, the stochastic barcode can be referred to as a gene-specificstochastic barcode.

A target binding region may comprise a non-specific target nucleic acidsequence. A non-specific target nucleic acid sequence may refer to asequence that may bind to multiple target nucleic acids, independent ofthe specific sequence of the target nucleic acid. For example, targetbinding region may comprise a random multimer sequence, or an oligo-dTsequence that hybridizes to the poly-A tail on mRNA molecules. A randommultimer sequence can be, for example, a random dimer, trimer,quatramer, pentamer, hexamer, septamer, octamer, nonamer, decamer, orhigher multimer sequence of any length. In some embodiments, the targetbinding region is the same for all stochastic barcodes attached to agiven bead. In some embodiments, the target binding regions for theplurality of stochastic barcodes attached to a given bead may comprisetwo or more different target binding sequences. A target binding regionmay be at least about 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50 or morenucleotides in length. A target binding region may be at most about 5,10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50 or more nucleotides in length.

A molecular barcode can comprise an orientation property which can beused to orient (e.g., align) the stochastic barcodes. A molecularbarcode can comprise a moiety for isoelectric focusing. Differentmolecular barcodes can comprise different isoelectric focusing points.When these molecular barcodes are introduced to a sample, the sample canundergo isoelectric focusing in order to orient the stochastic barcodesinto a known way. In this way, the orientation property can be used todevelop a known map of stochastic barcodes in a sample. Exemplaryorientation properties can include, electrophoretic mobility (e.g.,based on size of the stochastic barcode), isoelectric point, spin,conductivity, and/or self-assembly. For example, molecular barcodes cancomprise an orientation property of self-assembly, can self-assembleinto a specific orientation (e.g., nucleic acid nanostructure) uponactivation.

A molecular barcode can comprise an affinity property. A spatial labelcan comprise an affinity property. An affinity property can be include achemical and/or biological moiety that can facilitate binding of thestochastic barcode to another entity (e.g., cell receptor).

The cellular label and/or any label of the disclosure may furthercomprise a unique set of nucleic acid sub-sequences of defined length,e.g. 7 nucleotides each (equivalent to the number of bits used in someHamming error correction codes), which are designed to provide errorcorrection capability. The set of error correction sub-sequencescomprise 7 nucleotide sequences can be designed such that any pairwisecombination of sequences in the set exhibits a defined “geneticdistance” (or number of mismatched bases), for example, a set of errorcorrection sub-sequences may be designed to exhibit a genetic distanceof 3 nucleotides. In some embodiments, the length of the nucleic acidsub-sequences used for creating error correction codes may vary, forexample, they may be at least 3 nucleotides, at least 7 nucleotides, atleast 15 nucleotides, or at least 31 nucleotides in length. In someembodiments, nucleic acid sub-sequences of other lengths may be used forcreating error correction codes.

Molecular barcodes of the disclosure can comprise error-correctingsequences (e.g., Hamming codes) in them for error-correction. A Hammingcode can refer an arithmetic process that identifies unique binary codesbased upon inherent redundancy that are capable of correcting single biterrors. For example, a Hamming code can be matched with a nucleic acidbarcode in order to screen for single nucleotide errors occurring duringnucleic acid amplification. The identification of a single nucleotideerror by using a Hamming code, thereby can allow for the correction ofthe nucleic acid barcode.

When a molecular barcode comprises more than one of a type of label(e.g., more than one cellular label or more than one molecular label),the labels may be interspersed with a linker label sequence. A linkerlabel sequence may be at least about 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45,50 or more nucleotides in length. A linker label sequence may be at mostabout 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50 or more nucleotides inlength. In some instances, a linker label sequence is 12 nucleotides inlength. A linker label sequence may be used to facilitate the synthesisof the molecular barcode. The linker label can comprise anerror-correcting (e.g., Hamming) code.

Solid Supports and Substrates

The stochastic barcodes disclosed herein can be attached to a solidsupport (e.g., bead, substrate). As used herein, the terms “tethered”,“attached”, and “immobilized” are used interchangeably, and may refer tocovalent or non-covalent means for attaching stochastic barcodes to asolid support. Any of a variety of different solid supports may be usedas solid supports for attaching pre-synthesized stochastic barcodes orfor in situ solid-phase synthesis of stochastic barcode.

In some instances, a solid support is a bead. A bead may encompass anytype of solid, porous, or hollow sphere, ball, bearing, cylinder, orother similar configuration composed of plastic, ceramic, metal, orpolymeric material onto which a nucleic acid may be immobilized (e.g.,covalently or non-covalently). A bead can, in some embodiments, comprisea discrete particle that may be spherical (e.g., microspheres) or have anon-spherical or irregular shape, such as cubic, cuboid, pyramidal,cylindrical, conical, oblong, or disc-shaped, and the like. A bead maybe non-spherical in shape.

Beads can comprise a variety of materials including, but not limited to,paramagnetic materials (e.g. magnesium, molybdenum, lithium, andtantalum), superparamagnetic materials (e.g. ferrite (Fe₃O₄; magnetite)nanoparticles), ferromagnetic materials (e.g. iron, nickel, cobalt, somealloys thereof, and some rare earth metal compounds), ceramic, plastic,glass, polystyrene, silica, methylstyrene, acrylic polymers, titanium,latex, sepharose, agarose, hydrogel, polymer, cellulose, nylon, and anycombination thereof.

The diameter of the beads can, in some embodiments, be at least about 5μm, 10 μm, 20 μm, 25 μm, 30 μm, 35 μm, 40 μm, 45 μm or 50 μm. Thediameter of the beads can, in some embodiments, be at most about 5 μm,10 μm, 20 μm, 25 μm, 30 μm, 35 μm, 40 μm, 45 μm or 50 μm. The diameterof the bead may be related to the diameter of the wells of thesubstrate. For example, the diameter of the bead may be at least 10, 20,30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90 or 100% longer or shorter than the diameterof the well. The diameter of the bead can, in some embodiments, be atmost 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90 or 100% longer or shorter thanthe diameter of the well. The diameter of the bead may be related to thediameter of a cell (e.g., a single cell entrapped by the a well of thesubstrate). The diameter of the bead may be at least 10, 20, 30, 40, 50,60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 150, 200, 250, or 300% or more longer or shorterthan the diameter of the cell. The diameter of the bead may be at most10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 150, 200, 250, or 300% or morelonger or shorter than the diameter of the cell.

A bead can, in some embodiments, be attached to and/or embedded in asubstrate of the disclosure. A bead may be attached to and/or embeddedin a gel, hydrogel, polymer and/or matrix. The spatial position of abead within a substrate (e.g., gel, matrix, scaffold, or polymer) may beidentified using the spatial label present on the stochastic barcode onthe bead which can serve as a location address.

Examples of beads can include, but are not limited to, streptavidinbeads, agarose beads, magnetic beads, Dynabeads®, MACS® microbeads,antibody conjugated beads (e.g., anti-immunoglobulin microbead), proteinA conjugated beads, protein G conjugated beads, protein A/G conjugatedbeads, protein L conjugated beads, oligodT conjugated beads, silicabeads, silica-like beads, anti-biotin microbead, anti-fluorochromemicrobead, and BcMag™ Carboxy-Terminated Magnetic Beads.

A bead can, in some embodiments, be associated with (e.g. impregnatedwith) quantum dots or fluorescent dyes to make it fluorescent in onefluorescence optical channel or multiple optical channels. A bead may beassociated with iron oxide or chromium oxide to make it paramagnetic orferromagnetic. Beads can be identifiable. A bead can be imaged using acamera. A bead can have a detectable code associated with the bead. Forexample, a bead can comprise an RFID tag. A bead can comprise anydetectable tag (e.g., UPC code, electronic barcode, etched identifier).A bead can change size, for example due to swelling in an organic orinorganic solution. A bead can be hydrophobic. A bead can behydrophilic. A bead can be biocompatible.

A solid support (e.g., bead) can be visualized. The solid support cancomprise a visualizing tag (e.g., fluorescent dye). A solid support(e.g., bead) can be etched with an identifier (e.g., a number). Theidentifier can be visualized through imaging the solid supports (e.g.,beads).

A solid support may refer to an insoluble, semi-soluble, or insolublematerial. A solid support may be referred to as “functionalized” when itincludes a linker, a scaffold, a building block, or other reactivemoiety attached thereto, whereas a solid support may be“nonfunctionalized” when it lack such a reactive moiety attachedthereto. The solid support may be employed free in solution, such as ina microtiter well format; in a flow-through format, such as in a column;or in a dipstick.

The solid support can, in some embodiments, comprise a membrane, paper,plastic, coated surface, flat surface, glass, slide, chip, or anycombination thereof. A solid support may take the form of resins, gels,microspheres, or other geometric configurations. A solid support cancomprise silica chips, microparticles, nanoparticles, plates, arrays,capillaries, flat supports such as glass fiber filters, glass surfaces,metal surfaces (steel, gold silver, aluminum, silicon and copper), glasssupports, plastic supports, silicon supports, chips, filters, membranes,microwell plates, slides, plastic materials including multiwell platesor membranes (e.g., formed of polyethylene, polypropylene, polyamide,polyvinylidenedifluoride), and/or wafers, combs, pins or needles (e.g.,arrays of pins suitable for combinatorial synthesis or analysis) orbeads in an array of pits or nanoliter wells of flat surfaces such aswafers (e.g., silicon wafers), wafers with pits with or without filterbottoms.

The solid support can comprise a polymer matrix (e.g., gel, hydrogel).The polymer matrix may be able to permeate intracellular space (e.g.,around organelles). The polymer matrix may able to be pumped throughoutthe circulatory system.

A solid support can be a biological molecule. For example a solidsupport can be a nucleic acid, a protein, an antibody, a histone, acellular compartment, a lipid, a carbohydrate, and the like. Solidsupports that are biological molecules can be amplified, translated,transcribed, degraded, and/or modified (e.g., pegylated, sumoylated,acetylated, methylated). A solid support that is a biological moleculecan provide spatial and time information in addition to the spatiallabel that is attached to the biological molecule. For example, abiological molecule can comprise a first confirmation when unmodified,but can change to a second confirmation when modified. The differentconformations can expose stochastic barcodes of the disclosure totargets. For example, a biological molecule can comprise stochasticbarcodes that are inaccessible due to folding of the biologicalmolecule. Upon modification of the biological molecule (e.g.,acetylation), the biological molecule can change conformation to exposethe stochastic labels. The timing of the modification can provideanother time dimension to the method of stochastic barcoding of thedisclosure.

In another example, the biological molecule comprising stochasticbarcodes of the disclosure can be located in the cytoplasm of a cell.Upon activation, the biological molecule can move to the nucleus,whereupon stochastic barcoding can take place. In this way, modificationof the biological molecule can encode additional space-time informationfor the targets identified by the stochastic barcodes.

A dimension label can provide information about space-time of abiological event (e.g., cell division). For example, a dimension labelcan be added to a first cell, the first cell can divide generating asecond daughter cell, the second daughter cell can comprise all, some ornone of the dimension labels. The dimension labels can be activated inthe original cell and the daughter cell. In this way, the dimensionlabel can provide information about time of stochastic barcoded indistinct spaces.

EXAMPLES

Some aspects of the embodiments discussed above are disclosed in furtherdetail in the following examples, which are not in any way intended tolimit the scope of the present disclosure.

Example 1: ES18 TCR Sequencing Run

1 ng RNA of T cell with Kan/Dap/Phe spike-in RNA was reverse transcribedusing an oligonucleotide that was phosphorylated at 5′ andcircularization friendly comprising, from 5′ to 3′: a binding site for auniversal primer, a sample label, a molecular label, a binding site fora P5 primer in the opposite orientation, and oligo-dT. The cDNA producedwere purified using AMPure® and PCR amplified for 30 cycles using theuniversal primer and gene-specific primers (TCR, KDP F, Anchor R(ES29)). The PCR products were cleaned up with AMPure® and circularizedusing CircLigase™ I at 60° C. for 1 hr followed by 80° C. for 10 min.The circularized DNA was treated with ExoI at 37° C., 30 min, and at 80°C., 20 min. 1 μL of the treated product was PCR amplified using N1R andR primers and OneTaq® DNA polymerase. 1 μL of the PCR product was PCRamplified using P5 and P7 primers and OneTaq® DNA polymerase. Thesequencing library from the last PCR step was sequenced using IlluminaMiSeq v3 for 2×75 bp reads. FIG. 4 shows the results from sequencing anddata analysis of the raw sequencing reads. Modified F primer mappingalgorithm was used to exclude duplicated reads that map to 1+ primers.

While various aspects and embodiments have been disclosed herein, otheraspects and embodiments will be apparent to those skilled in the art.The various aspects and embodiments disclosed herein are for purposes ofillustration and are not intended to be limiting, with the true scopeand spirit being indicated by the following claims.

One skilled in the art will appreciate that, for this and otherprocesses and methods disclosed herein, the functions performed in theprocesses and methods can be implemented in differing order.Furthermore, the outlined steps and operations are only provided asexamples, and some of the steps and operations can be optional, combinedinto fewer steps and operations, or expanded into additional steps andoperations without detracting from the essence of the disclosedembodiments.

With respect to the use of substantially any plural and/or singularterms herein, those having skill in the art can translate from theplural to the singular and/or from the singular to the plural as isappropriate to the context and/or application. The varioussingular/plural permutations may be expressly set forth herein for sakeof clarity.

It will be understood by those within the art that, in general, termsused herein, and especially in the appended claims (e.g., bodies of theappended claims) are generally intended as “open” terms (e.g., the term“including” should be interpreted as “including but not limited to,” theterm “having” should be interpreted as “having at least,” the term“includes” should be interpreted as “includes but is not limited to,”etc.). It will be further understood by those within the art that if aspecific number of an introduced claim recitation is intended, such anintent will be explicitly recited in the claim, and in the absence ofsuch recitation no such intent is present. For example, as an aid tounderstanding, the following appended claims may contain usage of theintroductory phrases “at least one” and “one or more” to introduce claimrecitations. However, the use of such phrases should not be construed toimply that the introduction of a claim recitation by the indefinitearticles “a” or “an” limits any particular claim containing suchintroduced claim recitation to embodiments containing only one suchrecitation, even when the same claim includes the introductory phrases“one or more” or “at least one” and indefinite articles such as “a” or“an” (e.g., “a” and/or “an” should be interpreted to mean “at least one”or “one or more”); the same holds true for the use of definite articlesused to introduce claim recitations. In addition, even if a specificnumber of an introduced claim recitation is explicitly recited, thoseskilled in the art will recognize that such recitation should beinterpreted to mean at least the recited number (e.g., the barerecitation of “two recitations,” without other modifiers, means at leasttwo recitations, or two or more recitations). Furthermore, in thoseinstances where a convention analogous to “at least one of A, B, and C,etc.” is used, in general such a construction is intended in the senseone having skill in the art would understand the convention (e.g., “asystem having at least one of A, B, and C” would include but not belimited to systems that have A alone, B alone, C alone, A and Btogether, A and C together, B and C together, and/or A, B, and Ctogether, etc.). In those instances where a convention analogous to “atleast one of A, B, or C, etc.” is used, in general such a constructionis intended in the sense one having skill in the art would understandthe convention (e.g., “a system having at least one of A, B, or C” wouldinclude but not be limited to systems that have A alone, B alone, Calone, A and B together, A and C together, B and C together, and/or A,B, and C together, etc.). It will be further understood by those withinthe art that virtually any disjunctive word and/or phrase presenting twoor more alternative terms, whether in the description, claims, ordrawings, should be understood to contemplate the possibilities ofincluding one of the terms, either of the terms, or both terms. Forexample, the phrase “A or B” will be understood to include thepossibilities of “A” or “B” or “A and B.”

In addition, where features or aspects of the disclosure are describedin terms of Markush groups, those skilled in the art will recognize thatthe disclosure is also thereby described in terms of any individualmember or subgroup of members of the Markush group.

As will be understood by one skilled in the art, for any and allpurposes, such as in terms of providing a written description, allranges disclosed herein also encompass any and all possible subrangesand combinations of subranges thereof. Any listed range can be easilyrecognized as sufficiently describing and enabling the same range beingbroken down into at least equal halves, thirds, quarters, fifths,tenths, etc. As a non-limiting example, each range discussed herein canbe readily broken down into a lower third, middle third and upper third,etc. As will also be understood by one skilled in the art all languagesuch as “up to,” “at least,” and the like include the number recited andrefer to ranges which can be subsequently broken down into subranges asdiscussed above. Finally, as will be understood by one skilled in theart, a range includes each individual member. Thus, for example, a grouphaving 1-3 cells refers to groups having 1, 2, or 3 cells. Similarly, agroup having 1-5 cells refers to groups having 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 cells,and so forth.

From the foregoing, it will be appreciated that various embodiments ofthe present disclosure have been described herein for purposes ofillustration, and that various modifications may be made withoutdeparting from the scope and spirit of the present disclosure.Accordingly, the various embodiments disclosed herein are not intendedto be limiting, with the true scope and spirit being indicated by thefollowing claims.

1. A method of labeling a target nucleic acid sequence in a sample witha molecular barcode, comprising: hybridizing an oligonucleotidecomprising a molecular barcode with a first nucleic acid moleculecomprising the target nucleic acid sequence, wherein the oligonucleotidespecifically binds to a binding site on the first nucleic acid molecule,wherein the binding site is at least 200 nt away from the target nucleicacid sequence on the first nucleic acid molecule; extending theoligonucleotide to generate a second nucleic acid molecule comprisingthe molecular barcode and the target nucleic acid sequence;circularizing the second nucleic acid molecule or complement thereof togenerate a circularized nucleic acid molecule comprising the molecularbarcode in close proximity to the target nucleic acid sequence;amplifying the circularized nucleic acid molecule to generate aplurality of amplicons comprising the molecular barcode in closeproximity to the target nucleic acid sequence; and sequencing theplurality of amplicons to generate a plurality of sequencing reads,wherein the sequencing reads comprise at most about 200 nucleotides,wherein the sequencing reads comprise at least a portion of the targetnucleic acid sequence and at least a portion of the molecular barcode.2. The method of claim 1, further comprising synthesizing acomplementary strand of the second nucleic acid molecule to generate adouble-stranded nucleic acid molecule.
 3. The method of claim 2, whereinthe circularizing comprises circularizing the double-stranded nucleicacid molecule.
 4. The method of claim 1, further comprising amplifyingthe second nucleic acid molecule or complement thereof to generate acopy of the second nucleic acid molecule or complement thereof.
 5. Themethod of claim 4, wherein the circularizing comprises circularizing acopy of the second nucleic acid molecule or complement thereof.
 6. Themethod of claim 1, wherein the target nucleic acid sequence comprises anunknown sequence.
 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the first nucleicacid is an mRNA.
 8. The method of claim 1, further comprising aligningthe plurality of sequencing reads to determine the full length targetnucleic acid sequence.
 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the bindingsite is a gene-specific sequence.
 10. The method of claim 1, wherein thebinding site is a poly-A sequence.
 11. The method of claim 1, whereinthe target nucleic acid sequence is about 20 nt to about 500 nt inlength.
 12. The method of claim 1, wherein the first nucleic acidmolecule comprises a T cell receptor gene or an immunoglobulin gene. 13.The method of claim 1, wherein the target nucleic acid sequencecomprises a complementarity determining region (CDR) coding region of aT cell receptor gene or an immunoglobulin gene.
 14. The method of claim1, wherein the target nucleic acid sequence comprises a mutation site, asplicing junction, a coding region, an untranslated region, or anycombination thereof.
 15. The method of claim 1, wherein the binding siteis at least 500 nt away from the target nucleic acid sequence on thefirst nucleic acid molecule.
 16. The method of claim 1, wherein thesample comprises a single cell.
 17. The method of claim 16, wherein thesingle cell is an immune cell.
 18. The method of claim 1, wherein themolecular barcode comprises a sample label, a cellular label, amolecular label, or a combination thereof.
 19. The method of claim 1,wherein the molecular barcode comprises a binding site for a primer. 20.The method of claim 19, wherein the primer is a universal primer.